Law of thermodynamics - Law of conservation of energy
Entropy - the measure of randomness or disorder of the system
The greater the disorder, the greater the entropy
2nd law of thermodynamics
When energy is used, the ending energy is lower.
When energy is converted, it is from more useful to less useful
Metabolism - The sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism
Metabolism
Provides the energy necessary to maintain the structure of the cell repairing constituents, synthesizing new cellular components such as nucleic acids, polysaccharides (cell wall), and enzymes, energy for transporting substances, growth, reproduction, and movement.
2 classes of metabolism
Releases energy
Requires energy
Respiration, fermentation, and photosynthesis
release energy to be utilized to synthesize macromolecules for the transport of nutrients and cellular movement
Catabolism
The breakdown of complex organic compounds into simpler ones
Release energy in the form of ATP used by the cell for various functions
Hydrolytic reactions
Reactions that use water and in which chemical bonds are broken
Exergonic
Produces more energy than they consume; gives off heat energy
Exergonic - produces more energy than they consume; gives off heat energy
Cellular respiration - break down of glucose molecule into CO2 and H2O
Anabolism
The building of complex organic molecules from simpler ones
For growth, reproduction, and maintaining the cellular function (synthesis of the cell wall and nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids)
Requires energy input crucial for sustaining life
Biosynthetic - The formation of chemical compounds by a living organism, or a laboratory process modeled after these reactions in living organisms
Dehydration synthesis reactions
Reactions that release water
Endergonic
Consume more energy than they produce
Endergonic - consumes more energy than they produce
Key players for metabolism
Enzymes
ATP
Enzymes
Cellular or biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being permanently altered, proceed reactions rapidly
Ex. sucrase (hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose)
ATP
Even if the enzyme is present, energy is still needed
Driver to manage energy
Enzymes
Dictate metabolic pathways or sequences of chemical reactions that happen in the cells
By lowering the activation energy
Increases the rate at which substrates are being converted into products
Collision theory - A fundamental concept in chemistry and physics that explains how reactions happen at the molecular level
2 Key factors of Collision theory
Collision frequency
Collision energy
Collision frequency
Rate of collisions between reactant molecules, determines the likelihood of a reaction to happen; high concentration of reactants mas nagiging busy, increasing reaction rate
Collision energy
Amount of energy required by the reacting molecule to be converted to product
Activation energy - The minimum of kinetic energy
Endoenzymes
Inside the cell; cytoplasm, mitochondria; involved in metabolic pathways and signaling cascades
Exoenzymes
Synthesized inside and secreted outside the cell to catalyze reactions in the extracellular environment; periplasmic space; crucial role in digestion, nutrient acquisition defense mechanism, microbial interactions w the environment, degradation of organic matter where energy is acquired from their surroundings.
Pepsin - A digestive enzyme
Trypsin - Protease enzyme protein digestion
Luciferase - Bioluminescence in fireflies
Apoenzyme - protein factor
Cofactor or Coenzyme - A non-protein component of enzyme
Prosthetic group
If tightly, covalently attached to apoenzyme
Ex. heme/biotin
Two of the most important coenzymes in cell metabolism
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide or NAD+
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate or NADP
NAD+
Catabolic or energy-yielding reactions
NADP
Anabolic or energy-requiring reactions
Coenzyme A
It contains derivatives of pantothenic acid or B vitamin; Krebs cycle synthesis and break down of fats, series of oxidizing reactions in Calvin cycle
Holoenzyme
Fully functional enzyme
When cofactor or coenzyme binds to the apoenzyme, it forms holoenzyme
Capable of catalyzing reactions with high efficiency and specificity.