EES Final New Material

• adding which of the following to water will cause an increase in pH

  NaOH
• what are natural sources of air pollution?

  pollen, dust, wildfire, volcanoes, radon, and volatile organic compounds (VOC's) from plants
• blue flames get their color from what? red/yellow flames too?


  blue - photon dense (high energy), fuel lean (O2 rich)

  
  

  red/yellow - fuel rich (not preferred)
• realistic combustion reaction?


  fuel + air --> emissions + energy + ash
• NAAQS primary standards for CO emissions


  9 ppm (8-hour)

  35 ppm (1 hour)
• what is thermal Nox?

  formed by theoxidation of N2 by O2 during high temperature combustion
• what is fuel Nox?

  originates from oxidation of reduced nitrogen contained within fuels (up to 3% weight in some coal)
• NAAQs primary standards for NOx emissions?

  0.053 ppm (annual)
• NAAQs primary standards for NOx emissions? (sulfer oxide)

  0.03 ppm (annual)
• where does VOC's get mostly discharged from?

  motor vehicles
• sources of lead pollutants (Pb)?

  piston aircraft fuel and nonroad vehicles
• NAAQS primary standards for Pb emissions (lead)

  1.5 um/m^3 (3-month)
• aerosols/particulate matter include

  mineral dust

  soot from combustion (coal, diesel, gasoline, engines)
• NAAQS primary standards for PM emissions? (Particulate Matter)

  PM 2.5: 35 ug/m^3 (24-hour)
• what effects are due to photochemical smog/ ozone pollution?

  
  

  NAAQS primary standards?

  respiratory problems and damage to crops ($2-3 billion/year)

  0.08 ppm (8-hour)
• what is corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) and what do they do?

  requires the fuel efficiency for each manufacturer's fleet of new automobiles to average a certain mpg

  standard of how the EPA regulates emission standards
• how to give a car better milage?


  hybrid

  lighter weight

  more aero

  smaller engines

  low friction tire

  optimized automatic transmission

  idle engine turn on /off

  O2 rich air/fuel ratio
• what are the 4 strokes of a otto cycle

  intake

  compression

  power

  exhaust
• what is compression ratio

  the ratio of the compressed cylinder volume to max volume

  higher CR means better efficiency
• what is air to fuel ratio

  amount of air in the fuel mixture trade off between efficiency, CO/hydrocarbon emissions and NOx emissions
• what are the stokes of two cycle engine?

  
  

  what are the cons of the TC engine?

  intake and compression

  power and exhaust

  
  

  cons: burns gas and oil which leads to more emission
• how do diesel engines differ from gasoline engines?

  air/fuel from compression ratio than spark

  fuel is directly injected into the cylinder

  results in higher efficiency due to leaner air/fuel mixtures
• what is a three way catalytic converter

  a device through which exhaust fumes pass that catalyzes the oxidation of CO and hydrocarbons to CO2 while simultaneously reducing NOx to N2
• what does a three way catalytic converter use

  uses a mixture of ceria and noble metal catalysts (Rh, Pd, Pt) on a ceramic support

  takes advantage of a honeycomb material