The Respiratory System

• Respiratory volume is the full volume of the lungs at any point in the respiratory cycle
• A Spirometer is an instrument for measuring the air capacity of the lungs
• A Spirograph is a graph respresenting the amount (volume) and the speed (rate of flow) of our our that is inhaled and exhaled
• Tidal volume is the amount of air that is healed and exhaled in a normal breathing movement when the body is at rest
• Inspiratory reserve volume is the additional volume of air that can be taken into the lungs beyond regular or tidal inhalation
• Expiratory reserve volume is the additional volume of air that can be forced out of the lungs beyond a reglular or tidal exhalation
• Vital capacity is the total volume of gas that can be moved into or out of the lungs
• Residual volume is the amount of gas that remains in the lungs and passageways
• Inspiration is taking in air from outside the body into the lungs
• Expiration is moving air out of the lungs back to the outside of the body
• External Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the inspired air inside the lungs and the blood
• Internal Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and the body's tissue cells
• Cellular Respiration is a series of chemical reactions within cells to release the chemical energy stored in glucose. This provides energy for the cells to function.
• Diffusion is the movement of substances from high to low concentration. Air moves from high pressure to low pressure
• The mechanics of breathing include respiration controlled by the brain to control breathing movements, regulate breathing rates, monitor the volume of air in lungs, and monitors fas levels in the blood
• The Diaphragm is a dome-shaped layer of muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
• Intercostal Muscles are muscles on the rib cage between the ribs and along the inside surface of the rib cage
• The passage of air enters through the nostrils and/or mouth and through the nasal cavity. Then travels through the pharynx (throat). The epiglottis covers the larynx and opens when we breathe in. Air passes through the larynx (contains vocal cords). The trachea (windpipe) connects to the lower respiratory tract
• The Respiratory System is the group of organs that provides living things with oxygen from outside the body and disposes of waste products such as carbon dioxide
• Respiration is all of the processes involved in bringing oxygen into the body, making it available to each cell, and eliminating carbon dioxide as waste
• Gas exchan ge is the transfer of oxygen from inhaled air into the blood, and of carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs; primary function of the lungs
• Diffusion Gradient describes the relationship in which dissolved substance moves from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
• Larynx is the structure between the epiglottis and the trachea that contains the vocal cords
• Epiglottis is the opening of the trachea through which air enters the larynx
• Aveoli (singular alveolus) are tiny sacs, with a wall that is one cell thick, found at the end of a bronchiole; respiratory gases are exchanged in this sac.
• Bronchus is the passageway that branches from the trachea to the lungs
• Bronchiole is the passageway that branches from each bronchus inside the lung into increasingly smaller, thin-walled tubes
• Hemoglobin is an iron-containing protein found in red blood cells, which binds to and transports oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body
• Respiratory Surface is the surface of the lungs that is in contact with the air
• Ventilation is the movement of air into and out of the lungs
• Intercostal Muscles are muscles on the rib cage between the ribs and along the inside surface of the rib cage
• Requirements for an animal's respiratory surface is: large surface area, thin walls, moisture, and a large diffusion distance
• The Abdominal Cavity is the space between the ribs and pelvis
• Thoracic Cavity is the space between the ribs and the sternum. The function of the thoracic cavity is to protect the lungs and heart
• Respiration Surfaces in Animals - Outer skin: The entire outer skin is used, process of diffusion transports oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of cells from blood, and organism must live in moist environments EX. Worms
• Respiratory Surface in Animals- Gills: Extensions of folds in the body surface that increase surface area, process of diffusion transports gases to blood and cells, and gill breathers live in aquatic environments EX. Fish
• Respiratory Surfaces in Animals- Tracheal System: Insects employ a tracheal system, internal system of branching respiratory tracheae (tubes), and tracheae connect cells directly to the environment for gas exchange (blood not required)
• Respiratory Surface in Animals- Lungs: Large animals employ lungs since they can provide more gas exchange, lungs contain sacs lined with a moist surface (epithelium); sacs increase surface area, and blood transports gases to cells by diffusion. EX. Rabbit
• Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm contracts and the ribcage expands while exhalation occurs when the diaphragm relaxes and the ribcage contracts
• Tonsillitis is caused by a bacterial or viral infection of the tonsils