Nur174FinalReview

• HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act) protects privacy of medical information and adds to protect individual medical records
• DNR (Do Not Resuscitate)


  Directive for healthcare providers not to perform CPR that may lead to becoming a vegetative state
• Advance Directive


  A legal document where a person wishes medical care to be provided or withheld in a situation where they are unable to make their own decisions
• Against Medical Advice (AMA)


  When a patient decides to leave a healthcare facility before they have received recommended treatment
• Incident Report


  A document used to record details of any incident that may have caused harm or injury to a patient
• Nurse Practice Act (NPA)


  A set of laws that define the scope of practice for professional nurses and protect the public
• QSEN (Quality and Safety Education for Nurses)


  An initiative to prepare nurses with the knowledge, skills and attitudes necessary to continuously improve the quality and safety of the healthcare systems in which they work
• Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  A theory of psychology that depicts human needs in a hierarchical structure from basic physiological needs to self-actualisation
• Levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs


  • Physiological Needs
  • Safety Needs
  • Love and Belonging Needs
  • Esteem Needs
  • Self-Actualisation Needs
• Assault


  The act of causing physical harm or offensive contact with another person
• Battery


  Intentional and offensive physical contact with another person without their consent
• Informed Consent


  The process by which a healthcare provider explains a medical procedure to a patient and obtains the patient's agreement to undergo the procedure
• Informed consent must be documented and signed by the patient or their legal representative
• inflammatory response occurs when white blood cells (WBC) are activated by an antigen or foreign substance.
• Indirect Contact Transmission: This occurs when pathogens are passed through inanimate objects like touching a doorknob
• Types of microorganisms


  • Bacteria
  • Viruses
  • Fungi
• Bacteria


  single celled microorganisms that can live in various environments. Examples include E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections.
• Viruses


  Infectious agents that can only replicate inside the cells of living organisms. Examples include influenza virus and HIV. Antiviral medications are used to treat viral infections.
• Fungi


  Organisms like mold and yeast that can cause infections. Examples include Candida albicans and Aspergillus. Antifungal medications are used to treat fungal infections.
• Body's defenses against infections


  • Physical barriers
  • Immune system
  • Beneficial bacteria
• Factors that make us more susceptible to illness include weakened immune system
• Chain of infection


  • Infectious agent
  • Reservoir
  • Portal of exit
  • Mode of transmission
  • Portal of entry
  • Susceptible host
• Understanding the chain of infection is important as it helps identify ways to break the chain and prevent the spread of infection
• Proper patient positioning is important for safety and comfort
• Evidence-based practice (EBP)


  An approach to healthcare that integrates the best available research evidence with clinical expertise and patient values to make decisions about patient care
• Positions for difficulty breathing


  • Sitting upright
  • High Fowler's position
  • Orthopneic position
• Medical tests for difficulty breathing include dyspnea, tachypnea (rapid breathing), and hypoxemia (low oxygen levels)
• Partial bed bath


  Washing the face, hands, and perineal area. This can help maintain skin integrity.
• Types of therapy


  • Hot therapy
  • Cold therapy
• Water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins


  Water-soluble vitamins (B and C) are not stored in the body, while fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) are stored in the body's tissues
• Safety precautions include protecting the skin and applying cold therapy as needed
• Protein


  Essential for growth, maintenance, and repair of tissues
• Fat (lipids)


  Concentrated source of energy, helps insulate and protect organs
• Fiber


  Helps maintain bowel regularity, lowers cholesterol levels, and helps control blood sugar levels
• Nutrients provide energy, macronutrients, and micronutrients
• Veganism


  A vegan is someone who does not consume any animal products, including meat, dairy, and honey. It is critical for vegans to discuss with a registered dietitian the importance of obtaining essential nutrients like vitamin B12, iron, calcium, and omega-3 fatty acids from plant-based sources or supplements to prevent deficiencies.
• Wound healing


  Protein is important for wound healing because it is necessary for the active processes involved
• High-density lipoprotein (HDL)


  Considered "good" cholesterol
• Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)


  Considered "bad" cholesterol
• Essential and non-essential amino acids


  Essential amino acids are those that the body cannot produce on its own and must be obtained through the diet. Non-essential amino acids are those that the body can produce on its own.