unit 5: Industrialization (1750-1900)

• Enlightenment


  A movement taking ideas from humanism and the Renaissance, as well as the Scientific Revolution that valued reason over faith (Empiricism)
• Ideologies that emerged from the Enlightenment


  • Socialism - Worker owns the means of production
  • Liberalism - A push towards new ideas and change, a belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-faire economics, and reduced spending on armies
  • Conservatism - A belief in traditional values
  • Nationalism - A fierce loyalty to those who share your customs and language
  • Capitalism - Means of production are privately owned and operated for profit
  • Feminism - Women's rights and equality
  • Deism - God exists but does not ordain
  • Empiricism - Knowledge comes from your senses
• John Locke


  • There is no divine right
  • People are born with natural rights
  • Social Contact - The people give the government power. In return, the government protects the people. Should the government fail, the people may overthrow the government
  • Greatly influenced American Democracy
  • Ideas challenged the power of the Catholic Church as well as the power of many monarchs
  • Believed intelligence was not influenced by ancestry, but by education and environment
• As empires grew and continued to consolidate power, Enlightenment ideas spread
• Utopian Socialism


  Those who believed that society could be improved by building ideal communities were there was public or direct ownership of the means of production by those who worked it
• Feminism


  A movement for women's rights, equality, and suffrage based on Enlightenment ideas
• Abolitionism


  Reform movement encouraged by the Enlightenment fighting for the end of serfdom and slavery
• The slave trade was made illegal in most places in the early 1800s, but slavery continued in those nations for upwards of 30 years
• New Ideas of natural rights and what it means to be a citizen encouraged abolitionist movements
• Common goals of revolutions


  • A desire for Constitutional Government
  • A desire for democratic process
• American Revolution


  • Rooted in Enlightenment Philosophy and ideas of free-market economy
  • Anti-Mercantilism
  • Colonists were basically politically independent
  • Great distance from Great Britain
  • Unhappy with regulations placed on colonies by Great Britain without their say
• Declaration of Independence


  • Written by Thomas Jefferson
  • Heavily influenced by ideas of John Locke (unalienable rights)
• France helped the colonists become free from GB and establish and constitutional republic
• The American Revolution encouraged revolutionary movements in France
• New Zealand Wars


  • Great Britain annexed New Zealand in 1840 resulting in an increased control over Maori tribes (iwi) and a desire for the land
  • The independent tribes banded together to fight against the British, resulting in growing Maori nationalism
  • Unable to defeat the British
• French Revolution


  • Ideas of liberty, equality, and fraternity popularized by the Enlightenment Philosophes encouraged the French Revolution
  • France was poor after many wars (spending more than they made)
  • France called the Estates - General to try and fix it
  • Commoners made up 97% of French society but did NOT make up 97% of the Estates - General which upset the commoners and encouraged them to make the National Assembly, their own governing body
• Haitian Revolution


  • Encouraged by the American and French revolutions, slaves began rising up against their masters
  • Joined by escaped slaves already in the Caribbean called the Maroons
  • Toussaint L'Overture, a Haitian well versed in Enlightenment thought, joined the rebellion against slavery
  • The enslaved Africans and Maroons established an independent government
• Haitian Revolution


  Led by slaves that had no rights prior to revolutions
• Social Structures in Latin America


  • Peninsulares - Born in Spain of Portugal
  • Creoles - Born of European ancestry in the Americas
  • Mestizos - Born of European and Indian parents
  • Mulattoes - African and either European or Indigenous populations
• Creoles owned business and were upset with Spain's mercantilist policies
• Creoles and Mestizos wanted more political power, and resented the status of Peninsulares
• Bolivar Revolutions


  • Desires for independence grew amongst the Creole class first
  • They did not want help from the "masses" (mestizos, indigenous, mulattos) because of what happened in Haiti
  • Bolivar was rich and well versed in Enlightenment ideas
  • Talented war general who fought against Spain
  • Wrote the "Jamaica Letter" aimed at rich creoles to join the cause, rejected ideas of Mercantilism, wanted reform - outlined liberal ideas
  • Established "Gran Colombia" - wanted it to be like the US
  • Wars were expensive and LA suffered
  • Armies became loyal to the caudillos - strong local leaders who resisted democratic ideas and rule of law
• The creole class remained in the upper class, and stayed pretty conservative
• Lola Rodriguez de Tio


  • A poet who critiqued Spain's rule over Puerto Rico and Cuba
  • Her writings encouraged Enlightenment ideas of equality and education leading to uprisings against Spain
• Philippines


  • Spain also controlled the Philippines, where educational opportunities were limited
  • Many young men went to study in Europe and were encouraged by Enlightenment ideas
  • Nationalism and republicanism grows
  • Jose Rizal led the Propaganda movement - print publications start calling for more freedom in the Philippines (not independence)
  • Rizal was jailed and killed, people were shocked, and rose up for real independence in 1896
• Italian Unification


  • In the 1880s, the Italian Peninsula was divided into local kingdoms and city-states
  • Count di Cavour decided to unite them under the national identity of Italian
  • Using realpolitik (practical politics) and Enlightenment ideas, he orchestrated a series of wars to weaken Austrian influence over the land
  • Giuseppe Mazzini and his idea of Italian Resurgence (risorgimento), combined the Cavour's ideas, encouraged revolutionary fervor and Italy was unified
  • Italy remained poor in the 19th century, and many immigrated to other countries
• As nationalism grew, ideas of cultural and ethnic ties united new empires, and threatened older more multi-ethnic empires
• German Unification


  • Parts of what was once the Holy Roman Empire were now under French control (Napoleon)
  • Growing nationalism says this is unacceptable
• Italian Unification


  In the 1880s, the Italian Peninsula was divided into local kingdoms and city-states
• Count di Cavour's actions


  1. Used realpolitik (practical politics) and Enlightenment ideas

  2. Orchestrated a series of wars to weaken Austrian influence over the land
• Giuseppe Mazzini and his idea of Italian Resurgence (risorgimento)


  Combined Cavour's ideas, encouraged revolutionary fervor and Italy was unified
• Italy remained poor in the 19th century, and many immigrated to other countries
• German Unification


  Parts of what was once the Holy Roman Empire were now under French control (Napoleon)
• Germany and Italy both become new world powers, and we see the seeds of growing nationalism that will lead to WWI
• Balkan Nationalism


  • The Ottoman Empire had controlled the Balkan region for quite awhile, but in 1683 we start to see the beginning of the end
  • Other Balkan nations like Austria, and Eastern nations like Russia, start to push back against the Ottomans
• In places like Serbia, Bulgaria, and Romania, waning Ottoman control led to the introduction of new ideas, the growth of nationalism, and a desire for independence
• The improvements in agriculture led to an increase in population, and the need for fewer farmers, providing plenty of people to work in factories
• Cottage Industries


  • Made to compete with Indian Cotton (be cheaper)
  • Merchants gave raw cotton to women who spun it at home
  • Gave women independence
  • Low Pay
  • Production was slow
  • Investor demand for faster production encouraged the growth of factories
• Interchangeable Parts


  If a part broke, it could be easily replaced
• Division of Labor


  Bosses and not-bosses. (Not everyone had to be skilled)