Organic Chemistry

• Organic compound


  Contains Carbon & Hydrogen
• Major sources of organic compounds


  • petroleum
  • coal
  • wood
  • plants
  • animals
• Properties of carbon


  • 4 valence electrons
  • Will bond 4 times to achieve an octet
• Properties of Organic Compounds


  • Generally non-polar
  • Insoluble in water
  • Soluble in non-polar substances
  • Poor conductors of electricity (non electrolytes)
  • Low melting points, due to weak intermolecular forces of attraction
  • Combustible (flammable)
• Hydrocarbons


  Organic compounds that ONLY contain Carbon and Hydrogen; NO other elements
• Homologous series


  Group of organic compounds with similar properties and structures
• Table Q gives the general formula and examples of homologous series
• Table P shows prefixes to find how many carbon atoms a compound has
• Naming Hydrocarbons


  Putting Table P and Table Q together
• Determining type of Hydrocarbon


  1. Count up number of carbons

  2. If number of Hydrogen are double the number of carbons- it's an alkene

  3. If more than double - it's an alkane

  4. If less than double-it's an alkyne
• Saturation


  Compounds like fats that are saturated have many hydrogen atoms and require single bonds. Alkanes are Saturated by single bonds.
• Unsaturation


  Compounds that have double and triple bonds and have less hydrogen atoms. Alkenes and alkynes are unsaturated.
• Unsaturated compounds


  Have double or triple bonds, and less hydrogen atoms
• Unsaturated compounds


  • Alkenes
  • Alkynes
• Branched Alkanes


  • Name the longest chain of carbons (use as last name)
  • Name the shorter chains (Alkyl group)
  • Specify the position of each branch
  • Make sure your branches are numbered as low as possible
• Naming Alkyl groups (branches)

  • 1) Count # of carbons in alkyl group
  • 2) Use prefix (table P)
  • 3) Add suffix "yl" to prefix
• In organic chemistry, we can count from left to right or right to left, choosing the side which will give the lowest number for the branch
• Steps for naming branched alkanes


  1. Circle branches & use Table P to name branch, adding "y" ending

  2. Use #'s to indicate position of branch on parent chain

  3. Use prefix to indicate multiple branches of the same type (di-, tri-)
• The parent chain is the longest chain of carbons
• Each branch always gets its own number
• Steps for Naming an organic compound with Double & Triple Bonds

  1. Modification required on suffix of parent chain to reflect presence of a double bond

  2. Ending of double bond compound will be "ene"

  3. Location of double bond must be identified

  4. Number the carbons starting at the end closest to the location of the double bond

  5. Carbon # assigned to double bond is first carbon encountered in the chain
• Double Bonds w/ Branching chains

  Like naming Alkane with Branches just different naming for parent chain
• Triple Bonds


  Suffix of parent chain ends in "yne"
• Molecular Formula


  Shows kind and number of atoms in each individual molecule of a compound
• Structural Formula


  Shows arrangement of atoms in an individual molecule of a compound
• Condensed Structural Formula


  Shows arrangement of atoms and groups bonded
• To find the molecular formula when given a structural formula diagram, count the number of atoms for each element and write the subscripts
• For propene and ethene, you don't need to number the atoms, it's always going to be one
• Isomers

  Compounds with the same molecular formula but rearranged in a different structure with different properties
• Drawing an isomer of an alkane

  1. Use the same molecular formula

  2. Draw a different structural formula
• If the name of the compound is different but has the same molecular formula, it is an isomer
• Isomers of alkenes/alkynes


  • Have the double or triple bond in different locations
• Drawing an isomer of an alkene/alkyne

  1. Use the same molecular formula

  2. Move the location of the double/triple bond
• Be careful not to move the double/triple bond to the same positions
• Compounds can be read left to right and vice versa
• Functional Groups


  Used to name and draw substituted hydrocarbons
• Naming/drawing substituted hydrocarbons


  1. Use the example given in Table B

  2. Locate the class of compound

  3. See how it is named/drawn in the example

  4. Use the example as a model
• Halides

  Have one or more halogens as a branched group
• Naming halides


  1. Name the chain

  2. Add the halogen prefix

  3. Include the location of the halogen
• Alcohols


  Functional group is OH