Infancy-Toddlerhood

• Infant's PRIMARY WAY in which infants communicate their needs

  Crying
• newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile at them, signaling positive participation in the relationship.

  Social Smiling
• signify the most intense positive emotion among infants

  Laughter
• Infant smiles at an object and then gazes at an adult while still smiling

  Anticipatory smiling
• Emotions, such as embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that depend on self-awareness

  Self-Concious emotions
• Emotions, such as pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both self-awareness and knowledge of socially accepted standards of behavior

  Self-evaluative emotions
• Activity intended to help another person with no expectation of reward

  Altruistic Behavior
• In what age an infant express anger via pupil dilation?

  6 to 12 months
• At this age infants seem to have expectations about fairness, as illustrated by their tendency to stare longer at an unfair distribution of goods than at an equal distribution

  15 months of age
• At this age, toddlers are likely to help others, share belongings and food, and offer comfort at the distress of others

  2 years old
• closely copying all actions they see an adult do, even if some of the actions are clearly irrelevant or impractical

  Overimitation
• defined as an early-appearing, biologically based tendency to respond to the environment in predictable ways

  Temperament
• process by which children learn behavior their culture considers appropriate for each sex

  gender typing
• a temperament describes as generally happy, rhythmic in biological functioning, and accepting of new experiences

  Easy temperament
• temperament generally described as mild but slow to adapt to new people and situations

  slow-to-warm up temperament
• a temperament refers to more irritable and harder to please, irregular in biological rhythms, wary of new experiences, and more intense in expressing emotion

  difficult temperament
• Tend to HAVE ADAPTIVE VALUE, a term refers to reciprocal, enduring emotional tie between an infant and a caregiver, each of whom contributes to the quality of the relationship

  Attachment
• Kochanska’s term for wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders without reminders or lapses

  committed compliance
• Kochanski's term for obedience of a parent’s orders only in the presence of signs of ongoing parental control

  situational compliance
• Kochanska’s term for eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously with a parent in daily interactions, including routines, chores, hygiene, and play

  receptive cooperation