1527- 1540

• Annulment

  The legal process of declaring a marriage null and void
• Henry wanted an annulment

  Infuriated Charles as Catherine was his auntie
• Charles' army had followed up its victory at Pavia by taking over most of the Italian peninsula
• The Pope Clement VII was held captive and is prisoner of Charles because of the sack of Rome in 1527
• Henry and Wolsey were in a weak position


  They had to make an anti-imperial alliance with France
• The Treaty of Amiens in 1527 saw Wolsey put a trade embargo on Burgundy which ended up causing social economic problems in England
• The Battle of Landriano in 1529 saw France heavily defeated by Charles V's army
• The Peace of Cambrai in 1529 saw negotiations between Francis and Charles, with France forced to give up claims to take over Italy and the Papacy forced to be politically dependent on Charles
• In 1532, Henry tried to re-establish an alliance with France


  This involved arranging for Henry's son to marry Catherine de Medici, who was allied with Charles
• Henry's break from Rome horrified European leaders, but they were too distracted by the threat of the Ottoman Turks to take action against him
• Catherine and Anne Boleyn's deaths in 1536 gave Henry a clean slate and allowed for future friendship with Charles
• By 1538, Pope Paul II published a bull deposing Henry and claiming that English Catholics did not have to obey him
• In 1538-1539, Charles and France had to put aside their differences in the Treaty of Nice and agreed to sever ties with Henry, leaving him isolated again
• In 1539, Henry passed the Six Articles, as Francis and Charles did not trust each other
• Cromwell searched for Protestant allies, leading to the formation of the League of Schmalkaden in 1531, a group of free cities in northern Germany who were Protestant
• Henry married Anne of Cleves in January 1540, but the marriage was politically redundant and only lived a short-lived friendship between France and the Holy Roman Empire