organic end it

• properties of ALKANES


  -not very reactive

  -less dense than water

  -insoluble in water

  -low boiling and melting points

  -gases with 1-4 carbon atoms, liquids with 5-17 carbon atoms

  -non-polar solvents; Since only C and H atoms are present, alkanes are nonpolar
• reaction type for alkanes


  combustion

  -halogenation (a form of substitution)
• formula for alkanes


  Cn+H2n+2
• functional group for alkanes


  single bond
• -alkene properties


  -lighter than water

  -exsist at all temps

  -insoluble in water, due to non polar characteristics

  -combustible

  -colourless

  -melting and boiling points are low
• alkene reaction type


  addition
• alkene formula 


  CnH2n
• alkene functional group


  double bonds
• what is an isomer


  One of two or more compounds that have the same chemical formula but different arrangements of the atoms within the molecules and that may have different physical/chemical properties.

  -cis and trans (E, Z)
• what is an aromatic compound


  Benzene is the most common

  -Aromatic compounds are a group of chemical compounds that contain a special ring-shaped structure of carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds.

  -halogenation is a substitution reaction

   
• what is combustion


  -split into complete and incomplete

  -complete: balanced eq (hydrocarbons + oxygen- carbon dioxide + water)

  -incomplete: no eq, incomplete combustion occurs when oxygen supply is limited, water is still produced, but carbon monoxide or solid carbon are produced, instead of carbon dioxide.
• what is electrostatic attraction


  Electrostatic attraction refers to the force of attraction between electrically charged particles. It occurs when oppositely charged particles are attracted to each other, such as the attraction between positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons in an atom
• what is electronegativity

  Electronegativity is a measure of the ability of an atom to attract electrons towards itself in a chemical bond. It's a fundamental concept in chemistry that helps predict the nature of chemical bonds formed between atoms. Atoms with higher electronegativity values tend to attract electrons more strongly, resulting in the formation of polar covalent or ionic bonds with atoms of lower electronegativity.
• what is ionisation energy


  Ionization energy, also known as ionization potential, is the energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom or molecule in its gaseous state. It's a measure of how tightly an electron is bound to the nucleus of an atom.
• what is one alletrope of carbon


  Diamond: it is a crystal lattice, in a covalent network, as each carbon is bonded to 4 other carbon atoms. Diamonds properties are high melting and boiling point, non conductor of electricity, and they are colourless and hard.
• what is the second alletrop of carbon


  Graphite: graphite is a covalent network, but they are in layers, due to the delocalised electrons as they have a weak bond, high melting and boiling point, they are an electrical conductor and are soft, and have a black colouring.
• what is the third allotrope of carbon


  Buckyballs: the carbon atoms form into a sphere, due to the pentagon sheet. They have a brown colouring, and are soft, they are not electrical conductors and have a low melting and boiling point.
• what are covalent bonds

  Bond between non metallic elements of similar electronegativity

  -They’re formed by sharing electron pairs (share valence electrons)

  -Stable ionizing particles
• what are some properties of covalent bonds

  They’re not conductors at all

  -Lowest melting point out of all the bonds
• what are covalent bonds broken down to

  Nonpolar covalent bonds:-when electrons are shared equally

  -don’t have a negative or positive side

  -carbon dioxide, H2

  Polar covalent bonds:-when electrons are shared, but shared unequally

  -have a positive and a negative side

  -water, ammonia (NH3)
• what is the difference between covalent molecular and network

  COVALENT MOLECULAR + NETWORK

  -Covalent network structures are continuous 3D structures, millions of structures, diamond

  -Covalent molecular structures are discrete molecules, around 5 atoms stuck together, lard
• what are ionic bonds

  -Bond between metals and non metal atoms

  -Metals are cations (lose electrons)

  -Non metals are anions (gain electrons)

  -Both have very different electronegativity

  -Bond formed by the transfer of electrons

  -Electrostatic attraction holds them together
• what are properties of ionic bonds


  Conductors in an aqueous state (dissolved in water)

  -conductive when in a molten state

  -High melting points – as more energy is needed to separate them, due to strong bond.

  -Brittle, and dull
• what are metallic bonds


  Bonds formed between atoms of metallic elements.

  -Attraction between positive ions, and delocalised electrons, as they’re always bouncing around, by a force holding them together.

  -Electrons are able to jump around quite easily

  -Low electronegativity, by the weak hold on the electrons

  -They can jump from 1 atom to another -> delocalised electrons, which are valence electrons that always want to give away, as they either have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons, leaving a positive ion.
• what are properties of metallic bonds


  -Good conductors at all states

  -Lustrous

  -Very high melting points

  -They do not combine; however they form alloys.

  -Alloys are a solution for metal, in a metal, which is a lattice held by delocalised