Assessing Heart and Neck Vessels

• Heart


  Hollow muscular organ
• Weight of heart in female and male


  255 (f) and 310 (m)
• location of Heart


  Mediastinum (center of chest)
• Location of Base of the hear


  upper portion; left 2nd ICS
• Location of the Apex of the heart

  lower portion; 5th ICS LML
• 4 Chambers of the heart


  Right Atrium; Right Ventricle; Left Atrium; Left Ventricle
• Major blood vessels of the heart


  Superior vena cava; Inferior vena cava; Pulmonary trunk; Aorta
• Superior Vena Cava


  connected to the RA; brings deoxygenated blood
• Inferior Vena Cava


  delivers deoxygenated blood from the inferior part of the body towards the heart
• Pulmonary Trunk


  connected to the RV; bifurcate into the left and right pulmonary arteries
• Aorta


  Ascending Aorta and Descending Aorta
• Ascending Aorta


  Aortic Arch
• Descending Aorta


  Thoracic Aorta; Abdominal Aorta
• Valves of the Heart

  Tricuspid Valve; Bicuspid Valve; Pulmonary Semilunar Valve; Aortic Valve
• Atrioventricular Valve


  Prevent backflow of blood into the atria when ventricles contract; Located between atria and ventricles
• two types of AV Valves


  Tricuspid Valves and Bicuspid/Mitral Valves
• Tricuspid Valve


  Has three cusps

  Connected to RA and RV
• Bicuspid/Mitral Valve


  Has two cusps Connected to LA and LV
• Semilunar valves (SL Valves)


  o Prevent backflow of blood into the

  ventricles

  o Located on the major artery and vein of

  the heart
• Pulmonary semilunar valve


  ▪ Opens and closes when the

  RV contracts

  ▪ Allows blood to flow to the

  lungs

  ▪ Located in the pulmonary trunk
• Aortic Valve


  Located in the aorta
• Mitral Regurgitation


  the bicuspid or mitral valve on the left side of the heart does not close properly.
• Two types of septum


  • Interatrial septum

  o Separates RA and LA

  • Interventricular septum

  o Separates RV and LV
• Papillary Muscles 


  Are connected to chordae tendineae; Attached to the trabeculae carnae of ventricles
• Chordae tendineae- o String-like extensions of the valves

  o Help in opening / closing of valves and

  anchors AV valves to papillary muscles
• trabeculae carnae


  o Aids in pumping blood and is the

  venous network below the myocardium

  o Extensions of the endocardium
• Layers of the Heart


  Epicardium/Visceral Pericardium; Myocardium; Endocardium
• Epicardium/Visceral Pericardium


  • Outermost covering of the heart

  • Provides protection against the friction of

  rubbing organs
• Myocardium


  • Thickest, middle layer of the heart

  • Contains cardiac muscles

  o Are branching muscles that look like

  skeletal muscles

  o They contain intercalated discs

  ▪ Help in propagation of stimuli

  so the heart contracts

  synchronously

  • Responsible for contraction of the heart

  chambers
• Endocardium


  • Innermost layer of the heart

  • Contains endothelial cells
• Sinoatrial node/pacemaker


  o Generates an electrical stimulus (60 to

  100 bpm)

  o Located on the RA and has a

  connection on the LA

  o Regulates the contraction and rate

  of the contraction of the heart

  o Carries the charges to stimulate the

  atrium that initiates the contraction o

  the heart
• Atrioventricular node 


  o Located in the lower portion of RA

  o Receives the charges from the SA

  node

  o Impulses are slowed down for a short

  period and is continued down the

  conduction pathway via the bundle of

  His into the ventricles
• Atrioventricular bundle (Bundle of His)


  Bifurcates into two bundle branches
• Bundle Branches


  Stimulates the RV and LV
• Purkinje Fibers


  Cause the contraction of the ventricles
• Electrocardiogram (ECG)


  Records only the electrical activities of the heart
• P wave


  Atrial depolarization / contraction (SA

  node)
• QRS Complex


  Ventricular depolarization / contraction

  Atrial repolarization is masked by the

  larger QRS complex
• T Wave


  Ventricular repolarization / relaxation; Based on the magnitude if the ECG waves and the time between waves, ECG can be used to diagnose heart abnormalities
• 2D echocardiogram


  Used to know the structural defects of the heart