organic chem

• Hydrocarbons


  considered as the simplest organic compounds that contain only the elements carbon and hydrogen.
• Carbon atoms


  can bond either single, double or triple covalent bonds.
• Hydrocarbons 


  are molecules that have a little or no polarity because they do not contain electronegative atoms.
• Hydrocarbons 


  soluble in solvents of low polarity
• Alipathic (open chain compounds) hydrocarbons


  are compounds made of carbon and hydrogen bonds that DO NOT MANIFEST ring-like structures.
• Alipathic hydrocarbons (Classifications)

  Alkane (Saturated)

  Alkene (Unsaturated)

  Alkyne (Unsaturated)
• Saturated hydrocarbons


  carbons that have as many atoms as possible attached to every carbon and have relatively few important chemical properties other than they undergo combustion and react with halogens.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons


  have double or triple bonds between carbon atoms and are quite reactive and serve as building blocks for many types of plastics and other synthetic materials.
• Cyclic (closed chain) hydrocarbons


  compounds that have compositions that form a ring, but are different from aromatic compounds in that the parent ring is composed of benzene ring .
• Cyclic hydrocarbons

  Homocyclic compounds (ring is composed of carbon only)

  Heterocyclic compounds (ring is formed with other elements other than carbon)
• Homocyclic compounds (subdivisions)

  Alicylic

  Aromatic
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons


  -which are cyclic hydrocarbons that do not have alternating C-C and C=C bonds
• Alicyclic hydrocarbons


  -have similar properties to aliphatic compounds in character.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons


  -6-membered ring structures with alternating bonds as manifested by the structure of benzene.
• Aromatic hydrocarbons


  formula can be drawn as cyclic alkenes making them unsaturated, however, due to the cyclic structure, the properties of aromatic rings are quite different and do not behave as typical alkenes. Aromatic compounds serve as the basis for many drugs, antiseptics, solvents and plastics.
• Linear alkane, alkene, alkyne


  the amount of bonded hydrogen lessens in alkenes and alkynes because of the self-bonding or catenation of carbon, preventing entire saturation of the hydrocarbon by the formation of double or triple bonds.
• Catenation


  is responsible for the formation of complex molecules in hydrocarbons like cyclohexane and benzene.
• Ring strain


  can be observed because of catenation, where an increase in the amount of energy is needed in order to "break" the ring, making alicyclic and aromatic compounds nonreactive to certain test solutions.
• Hydrocarbons


  are hydrophobic in nature like lipids due to the carbon-carbon bonding.
• Hydrocarbons

  exhibit a minimum solubility of 40-70% in H2S04
• Hexane


  Liquid

  Colorless

  Gasoline-like
• Hexene


  liquid

  colorless

  mild;gasoline-like
• Cyclohexane


  liquid

  colorless

  chloroform-like
• Cyclohexene


  liquid

  colorless

  sweet-odor
• Benzene


  liquid

  colorless

  sweet; aromatic odor
• Toluene


  liquid

  colorless

  sweet; pleasant odor
• Immiscible

  hexane

  hexene

  cyclohexane

  benzene

  toluene
• miscible # in H2SO4

  Cyclohexene
• Ignition test


  hexane, hexene, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, benzene, toluene have + results
• Baeyer's test


  Cyclohexene is the only +
• Bromine test


  Cyclohexene and Toluene are the only +
• Nitration test


  benzene and toluene are the only +
• Basic oxidation test


  cyclohexene and toluene are the only +
• Ignition test 


  yellow flame w/ or w/o soot
• Baeyers test


  purple potassium permanganate is reduced to a brown precipitate of manganese dioxide.
• Bromine test


  disappearance of reddish-brown color of bromine
• Alkanes formula

  CnH2n + 2
• Natural gas

  Ethane

  Propane

  Butane
• Combustion


  a chemical reaction in which HC burns (rapid oxidation) and produces CO2 and H2O
• alkanes and cycloalkanes


  are all flammable