Las 1 bio

• Processes compared and contrasted between plants and animals


  • Reproduction
  • Development
  • Nutrition
  • Gas exchange
  • Transport/circulation
  • Regulation of body fluids
  • Chemical and nervous control
  • Immune systems
  • Sensory and motor mechanisms
• Plants


  Macroscopic, easy to differentiate from animals, share ecosystem and dependability with animals, differ in cellular organization and methods of nutrition
• Animals


  Macroscopic, easy to differentiate from plants, share ecosystem and dependability with plants, differ in cellular organization and methods of nutrition
• Reproduction in plants


  1. Sexual reproduction through pollination

  2. Asexual reproduction through vegetative propagation and fragmentation
• Reproduction in animals


  1. Asexual reproduction through parthenogenesis, budding, fragmentation, binary fission

  2. Sexual reproduction through fertilization and live birth
• Growth/Development in plants


  Unrestricted growth throughout life in meristematic regions
• Growth/Development in animals


  Growth confined to certain period, supported by organs and organ systems
• Nutrition in plants


  Autotrophs, capable of producing own food through photosynthesis
• Nutrition in animals


  Heterotrophs, depend on plants for food
• Gas exchange in plants

  Take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen through stomata
• Gas exchange in animals

  Take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide through lungs, gills, skin, etc.
• Transport/Circulation in plants


  Less complex, take in water and nutrients through roots, transported by xylem and phloem
• Transport/Circulation in animals


  More complex, require more food and nutrients, circulated by heart, blood vessels, and blood
• Regulation of body fluids in plants


  Use stomata, vacuoles, cuticle, structural modifications to control water loss and osmotic pressure
• Regulation of body fluids in animals

  Use excretory system to control water loss and maintain osmotic pressure
• Chemical and nervous control in plants


  Rely on chemical messengers (hormones) for sensory response to external stimuli
• Chemical and nervous control in animals


  Rely on nervous system for sensory response and control of body functions
• Osmoconformers


  Marine invertebrates with body fluids that are generally hyperosmotic to their surroundings, allowing the osmolarity of their body fluids to match that of the environment
• Osmoregulators


  Marine vertebrates, birds and mammals that keep the osmolarity of body fluids different from their environment
• Hydrophytes


  Plants that live in water or damp environments and can absorb water across their entire surface
• Plant hormones


  • Affect all aspects of plant life, from flowering to fruit setting and maturation, and from phototropism to leaf fall
  • Are signaling molecules present in very small amounts, transported throughout the plant body, and only elicit responses in cells which have the appropriate hormone receptors
  • Travel throughout the body via the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem) and cell-to-cell via plasmodesmata
  • Potentially every cell in a plant can produce plant hormones
• Plant hormones

  • Auxin (master growth regulator)
  • Cytokinin (responsible for cell division)
  • Gibberellins (responsible for stem, fruit, and seed growth)
  • Abscisic Acid (ABA) (causes dormancy)
  • Ethylene (promotes fruit ripening, flower wilting, and leaf fall)
  • Systemin (anti-herbivory hormone that activates plant responses to wounds from herbivores)
  • Methyl Salicylate (MeSa) (hormone for immunity that helps regulate responses to infection by parasites or pathogens)
• Endocrine glands


  Ductless glands in vertebrates that produce hormones, which are chemical messengers secreted by a gland and affect the specific target tissue or organ
• Endocrine glands and hormones

  • Hypothalamus (hormones that govern physiologic functions such as temperature regulation, thirst, hunger, sleep, mood, sex drive, and the release of other hormones)
  • Anterior Pituitary gland (Growth Hormone (GH), Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH))
  • Parathyroid gland (Parathyroid Hormone)
  • Thyroid gland (Thyroxine)
  • Adrenal glands (Epinephrine, Cortisol, Aldosterone)
  • Pancreas (Insulin, Glucagon)
  • Kidneys (Erythropoietin (EPO), Vitamin D)
  • Ovaries (Estradiol, Progesterone)
  • Testes (Testosterone)
• Nervous system


  • All animals have a true nervous system except sea sponges
  • Cnidarians have a nerve net, Echinoderms have neurons bundled into nerves, Flatworms have a CNS and PNS, Insects have a brain, ventral nerve cord, and ganglia, Cephalopods have the most complicated invertebrate nervous system
  • Vertebrate nervous systems are more complex, centralized, and specialized, with a CNS containing a brain and spinal cord, and a PNS made up of peripheral sensory and motor nerves
• Innate immune system (plants)


  Two-branched system that recognizes and responds to molecules common to many classes of microbes, and responds to pathogen virulence factors
• Immune system (vertebrates)


  A complex network of organs containing cells that recognize foreign substances in the body and destroy them, protecting against pathogens
• Tropism


  A biological mechanism that enables plants to move toward (positive tropism) or against (negative tropism) the source of a stimulus, such as geotropism (gravity), hydrotropism (water), thigmotropism (touch), and phototropism (light)
• Sensory receptors


  • Photoreceptors (respond to light)
  • Mechanoreceptors (respond to physical stimuli such as sound or touch)
  • Chemoreceptors (detect chemicals)
  • Thermoreceptors (respond to temperature)
  • Pain receptors (detect possible tissue damage)
• Plants do not have the ability to move from one place to another, as they are rooted into the ground, with exceptions like Volvox and Chlamydomonas
• Animals can move from one place to another freely, with exceptions like sponges and corals
• The circulatory system is the main transport system in the body while plants have vascular vessels
• Both plants and animals have capillaries to allow the flow of fluids in their body
• Plants do translocation process while animals do the circulation process
• Plants have xylem and phloem to carry water, dissolved minerals to different parts of the plant while animals have arteries and capillaries that carries oxygen-rich blood throughout the body
• Vacuoles


  Structures in plants that regulate cytoplasm osmolarity
• Excretory system


  In animals, controls the amount of water loss and maintains osmotic pressure
• In animals, organs that are responsible for osmoregulation depend on the species while plant cells rely on vacuoles to regulate cytoplasm osmolarity
• Osmoregulation in plants and animals mainly depends on the water and salt absorbed in roots
• Plants that live in different habitat have different ways to regulate water loss and absorption