1909-1919/growth of communalism

• Morley Minto


  1909
• Reversal of partition


  1911
• Kanpur mosque tragedy


  1913
• Balkan wars


  1913
• Change of AIML's Aim

  1913
• World War I


  1914
• Lucknow pact

  1916
• Montague Chemsford

  1919
• The Lucknow pact marked the highest watermark in Hindu-Muslim unity since the decline of the Mughal empire. These good relations continued until 1922, when this was the first time the Congress and ML had come closer to make joined demands in India.
• The demand for self-government was made for the first time. Hence INC also accepted the Muslims as a separate nation.
• The Montague Chemsford reforms introduced a bicameral central legislature, with the Council of State (upper house) and the Legislative Assembly (lower house).
• Even though Indians were given majority power, the British retained veto power.
• The system of diarchy was introduced at the provincial level, with some subjects reserved for British control and others transferred to Indian ministers.
• The British introduced property qualifications, which reduced the number of Indians who could vote.
• The Rowlatt Act in 1919 allowed for arrest without warrant, detention without bail, and verdict without trial, leading to the Amritsar massacre and widespread protests.
• After the end of the Khilafat movement, Hindu-Muslim unity started to decline due to communal violence, leading to the growth of communalism such as the Arya Samaj and forced conversions of Muslims to Hinduism.
• The Delhi Proposals of 1927 included demands for separate electorates, Sindh to be made a separate province, NWFP to be developed, and weightage for Muslims in the central legislature.