chp 6 - geo

• Urbanisation


  The process of economic and social change in which an increasing proportion of the population of a country or region live in urban areas
• Internal migration


  The movement of people from living in one defined area to living in another within a country
• External migration


  Migration to another country
• Factors contributing to the movement of people from rural to urban areas

  • Natural population growth
  • Migration and push/pull factors
• Natural population growth


  The natural rise in population due to advances in medicine and better living conditions
• Natural population increase leads to urbanisation


  1. Advances in medicine and better living conditions contribute to population growth

  2. Medical progress aids in childbirth survival

  3. Improved medicine and increased immunisation programs increase adult survival

  4. Longer lifespan leads to an increased aged population

  5. More children are born than dying
• Push factors


  Reasons that force a person to leave their place of residence
• Push factors


  • Wars and civil wars
  • Poverty
  • Displacement
  • Environmental hazards
  • Famines
• Pull factors


  Forces that attract or entice a person to relocate to a new area or location
• Pull factors


  • Better employment opportunities
  • Access to medical and health services
  • Targeted skilled cohorts
  • A home of their own
  • White goods (electrical goods)
  • A vehicle
• Megacities

  The result of mass urbanisation
• Consequences of urbanisation


  • Economic
  • Social
  • Environmental
• Economic consequences of urbanisation


  • Better employment prospects and higher wages
  • Urban businesses benefit from workers with a greater variety of skills
  • More people are moving to urban areas than jobs
  • Job hunting becomes competitive
  • Unemployed individuals may live in poverty, homeless, or street begging
• Social consequences of urbanisation


  • Effective planning considering diverse urban needs
  • Consideration of future needs
  • Greater accessibility to services like water, education, healthcare
  • Opportunity for people to share resources and bond as a community
  • Fertility rate tends to drop in urban areas. This could be argued to be either a positive or a negative
  • Traditional concept of family can change
  • Despite more people living in urban areas, social isolation can still occur as new residents acclimatise, having negative social impacts
• Environmental consequences of urbanisation


  • Development of infrastructure in the urban environment
  • Access to new technologies in the urban environment
  • Industrialisation leads to increased burning of fossil fuels
  • Increases carbon dioxide levels, accelerating global warming
  • Increases air and water pollution
  • Pressures on water and sewerage systems
  • Increases traffic congestion
  • Deforestation due to land development
  • Loss of fauna and flora
• Indonesia/ jakarta


  • Made up of over 17,500 islands, with an area of 2 million km²
  • Population of just under 247 million
  • Comprises 33 provinces, 497 districts, 6651 subdistricts, and 77,126 villages
• Jakarta

  • Officially, Jakarta is not a city, but rather a province with several subregions
  • One of the world's megacities, with over 10 million people
  • Unlike older megacities like New York or London, Jakarta is poorer, less well planned, and has less developed public transport
• Causes of urbanisation in Indonesia


  • Internal Migration
  • Industrialisation
• Internal Migration


  People moving from rural areas to urban areas, such as Jakarta, in search of better employment opportunities
• Industrialisation


  Indonesia's economic development and strengthened relationships with neighbouring countries have supported industrialization, which drives employment and urbanisation
• Economic consequences of urbanisation in Indonesia


  • Job Competition
  • Poverty
• Job Competition


  New residents in Jakarta face intense competition for limited job opportunities, leading to poverty and unemployment
• Poverty


  The number of people living in poverty in Jakarta is estimated to be higher than the official 5% reported by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)
• Social consequences of urbanisation in Indonesia


  • Accessibility to Services
  • Social Isolation
• Accessibility to Services

  Residents of Jakarta benefit from greater accessibility to services and facilities, including education and healthcare
• Social Isolation


  Rural areas experience a negative social impact as more young people move to urban areas, leading to an ageing population and potential loss of agricultural knowledge and skills
• Environmental consequences of urbanisation in Indonesia


  • Carbon Emissions
• Carbon Emissions


  Indonesia is the 15th largest carbon emitter in the world, with Jakarta's rapid urbanisation contributing to environmental concerns, including carbon emissions, sanitation, and access to safe fresh water
• Kampung


  Informal settlements scattered throughout Jakarta, with low-quality buildings on small plots of land, and substandard infrastructure, such as lack of proper sewerage systems and water management
• Jakarta's Wet Season


  Lasts from November to June, while the dry season lasts from July to October