GNED 05 - MIDTERMS

• Communication

  • It is one of the most essential aspects of our lives.
  • The process of sharing meaning in any context.
  • A systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings. (Wood, 2003)
• Context


  The setting in which the communication occurs.
• Physical context


  refers to where the communication takes place, factors that affect the communication process. (WHERE)
• Social context


  the relationship that exists between and among the participants. (WHO)
• Historical context


  the background provided by the previous encounter or communication between the participants. Something that the participants have in common. (WHAT)
• Psychological context


  includes the moods and feelings each participant brings to the communication. (HOW)
• Cultural context


  includes the beliefs, values, and norms, that are shared by a large group of people (WHY)
• Participants


  The people communicating, everybody involved in the communication or conversation. The sender or source and the decoder or receiver
• Message


  This is the encoded and decoded information in the communication process.

  One of the elements that gives information and ideas to its intended receiver or audience. This is the information conveyed by words, other signs, and symbols
• Channels


  Both a route travelled by the message and the means of transportation. (Verderber 1999)
• Two basic channels of a face-to-face communication

  Sound Channel – Verbal Cues

  Light Channel – Non-Verbal Cues
• Noise


  Anything that interferes with communication. Barriers that prevent the communication process to be effective.
• External noise


  sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draws the participants’ attention away from the communication
• Internal noise


  thoughts and feelings that intervene with the communication process. Ex. Daydreaming
• Semantic noise


  unintended meanings aroused by certain symbols that prevent comprehension.
• Feedback


  Responses or replies being made by the receiver of the message. Shows how the message sent is heard, seen, and understood.
• Verbal communication


  encompasses any form of communication involving words, spoken, written, or signed.
• Non-verbal communication


  includes body language, such as gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, and posture. The sound of our voice, including our pitch, tone and volume are also forms non-verbal communication.
• Intrapersonal communication


  occurs within the person, this is sometimes referred to as cognitive or personal communication or “self-talk”
• Interpersonal communication


  communication that occurs between two persons who establish a communicative relationship.
• Public communication


  a speaker sending message to an audience. It could be a direct, face-to-face message delivery of a speaker to an audience, or it could be indirect, using radio or television
• Functions of communication

  • We communicate to meet needs.

  • We communicate to enhance or maintain our sense of self.

  • We communicate to fulfill social obligations.

  • We communicate to develop relationships.

  • We communicate to exchange information.

  • We communicate to influence others
• Principles of communication

  • Communication is purposive.

  • Communication is continuous.

  • Communication messages vary in conscious encoding.

  • Communication is relational.

  • Communication has ethical implications.

  • Communication is learned.
• Culture


  The ongoing negotiation of learned and patterned beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviors.
• Intercultural communication


  Communication between people with differing cultural identities
• Other-focused orientation


  our tendency to view our culture as the normal or the standard one, referring their culture as the “other” or “different” one.
• Ethnocentrism


  our tendency to view our culture as superior to other cultures
• Intercultural communication competence


  the ideal goal where the speaker has the ability to communicate effectively and appropriately in various cultural contexts
• 2 Types of context

  High-context culture

  Low-context culture
• High-context culture


  much of the meaning comes from non-verbal and contextual cues
• Low-context culture


  much of the meaning generated within an interaction comes from the verbal communication used
• 2 types of time

  Monochromic culture

  Polychromic culture
• Monochromic culture


  views time as valuable commodity and punctuality very important
• Polychromic culture


  Their concept of time is free flowing, and changes depending on each situation. Distractions and interruptions are a natural part of life, and have to be taken in stride.
• 2 types of conflict

  Conflict-as-opportunity

  Conflict-as-destructive
• Conflict-as-opportunity


  conflict is normal and a useful process and subject to change through negotiation.
• Conflict-as-destructive


  views conflict as unnecessary, detrimental, and must be avoided. Confrontations should be disciplined to discourage such destructive behaviors
• 5 types of conflict management

  Dominating style

  Integrating style

  Compromising style

  Obliging style

  Avoiding style
• Dominating style


  Forcing one’s will on another to satisfy individual desires regardless of consequences
• Integrating style


  necessitate a great deal of open discussion about the conflict to reach a solution that satisfies everyone involved.