anatomy pictures:

• Name this structure

  A) Pericardial cavity

  
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  A) Fiborous pericardium

  
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  A) Parietal layer of the serous pericardium

  
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  A) Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

  
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  A) Adipose tissue

  
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  A) Pericardium

  
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  A) Epicardium

  
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  A) Myocardium

  
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  A) Endocardium

  
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  A) Aorta

  
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  A) Right atrium

  
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  A) right ventricle

  
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  A) pericardium

  
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  A) sternum

  
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  A) sternal angle

  
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  A) superior

  B) anterior

  C) middle

  D) posterior

  
• The transverse thoracic plane runs from the stenal angle to T4/5 intervertebral disc
• Anterior mediastinum

  • Between the sternum and the fibrous pericardium
  • Contains the thymus
• Divisions of the mediastinum

  • Anatomically, the mediastinum is divided into two parts by an imaginary line that runs from the sternal angle to the T4 vertebrae:
  • Superior mediastinum
  • Inferior mediastinum - further subdivided into anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum
• Middle mediastinum

  • Contains the heart and the parts of the great vessels that connect with the heart
  • Inferior part of SCV
  • Superior part of IVC
  • Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
  • Pulmonary veins
  • Ascending aorta Also contains the cardiac plexus (sympathetic from T1-T4, parasympathetic from vagus nerve) and the left and right phrenic nerves
• Posterior mediastinum

  • Contains the thoracic aorta, oesophagus, thoracic duct, azygous vein, and the thoracic sympathetic trunks
• Superior mediastinumFrom anterior to posterior

  • Brachiocephalic veins and SVC
  • Arch of aorta (and origin of its 3 branches)
  • Trachea
  • Oesophagus
  • Thoracic duct

  From lateral to medial

  • Phrenic nerves
  • Vagus nerves
  • Recurrent laryngeal nerves
• Phrenic nerves


  • Nerve roots: anterior rami of C3, C4 and C5
  • Motor functions: innervates the diaphragm
  • Sensory functions: innervates the central part of the diaphragm, the pericardium and the mediastinal part of the parietal pleura
• Irritation of the parietal peritoneum of the diaphragm (e.g. by inflammation of the gallbladder, liver abscess)


  Patient can present with unexplained 'shoulder tip' pain
• Vagus nerves (CN X)


  • Sensory functions: innervates the palate, laryngopharynx and larynx
  • Motor functions: innervates the pharynx and larynx
  • Parasympathetic: autonomic parasympathetic for thoracic and abdominal organs
• Recurrent laryngeal nerves


  • Branches of the vagus nerve that supply the pharynx and larynx
  • Once the vagus nerves have given off their recurrent laryngeal branches they contain only parasympathetic fibers
• Compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve by a tumour

  Hoarse voice
• Left phrenic nerve pierces through the left dome of the diaphragm to supply it from the inferior aspect
• Right phrenic nerve passes through the diaphragm with the IVC to supply the inferior aspect of the diaphragm
• name this

  A) brachiocephalic trunk

  
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  A) coronary arteries

  
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  A) bilateral posterior intercostal arteries

  
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  A) abdominal aorta

  
• opening in the diaphragm

  A) aortic hiatus

  
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  A) left common carotid artery

  
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  A) left subclavian artery

  
• Right atrium


  • Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava
  • Pumps blood through the right atrioventricular orifice (guarded by the tricuspid valve) into the right ventricle
  • Extending from the antero-medial portion of the chamber is the right auricle - a muscular pouch that acts to increase the capacity of the atrium
• Left atrium


  • Receives oxygenated blood from the four pulmonary veins
  • Pumps blood through the left atrioventricular orifice (guarded by the mitral valve) into the left ventricle
• Interatrial septum


  • Solid muscular wall that separates the left and right atria
  • Position is indicated by the interatrial groove
  • Atrial septal defect: hole in the interatrial septum
• Right ventricle


  • Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
  • Pumps it through the pulmonary orifice (guarded by the pulmonary valve), into the pulmonary artery