key sociologists

• Delphy and Leonard

  Feminist


  Family = economic system, division of labour exploits women [oppressing]and benefits the man
• Ann Oakley

  Feminist


  Idea of conventional families [nuclear structure] producing strain and social control

  But was completed before modernisation of society e.g before same sex marriage and civil partnerships - so could be a dated statement
• Talcott Parsons

  Functionalist


  Nuclear family produces 2 functions, primary socialisation and SOAP
• Rapoports


  Family diversity: Organisational, cultural, class, life course and cohort

  Before modernisation of society e.g open views on gay families
• Young and Willmott


  Stage 1 - The pre-industrial family

  Stage 2 - Early industrial family

  Stage 3 - Symmetrical and privatised nuclear family - middle and working class families due to more home-centred views and focus

  Stage 4 - The asymmetrical family
• Zaretsky

  Marxist view

  Family reinforces capitalism and the capitalist economy (unit of consumptions and reproduction of next gen of workers)
• Ball


  'Beachside comprehensive' - participant observation

  Selection and socialisation within cohorts (bands ability and mixed ability).

  Bands allocated based of social class and background
• Ball,Bowe and Gerwitz


  Market forces and parental choice (studies 15 varying schools with different demographics)
• Bowles and Gerwitz

  Marxist perspective

  Education reproduces labour power and a conscientious workforce unwilling to challenge authority

  Therefore class background is the key factor in influencing educational attainment
• Durkheim

  Functionalist


  Education transmits societies norms and values e.g rules being strictly enforced so that the students learn self discipline and see the fact that deviant actions result in them damaging society
• Halsey, Heath and Ridge


  Class inequalities

  Example working class - manual workers in dustry or agriculture

  Service class - professionals, administrators or managers

  But the study didn't include female
• Parsons

  Functionalist


  School is a bridge between family and society (agent of socialisation).

  Are judged of universalistic standards in the meritocratic school system
• Paul willis

  Marxist/conflict theory


  Studied 12 lads, who formed an anti-school subculture (felt superior to teaches and resented the social control of school, so challenged the authority e.g avoiding lessons)

  Showing how education is ineffective socialisation, making then unsuitable for any manual work
• Becker

  Interactionalist


  The label of deviance is dependant on: who, when and where

  But once this label is formed agents of social control (media, police) reinforce it leading to it becoming an individuals master status (affects self-fulfilling prophecy, leading to a deviant career or subculture??)
• Carlen

  Feminist/control theory


  In-depth-unstructured interviews

  Showed crime takes place due to a rational decision, with women turning to crime when they cant gain access to: a class deal or a gender deal (rewards)
• Cohen

  functionalist/consensus

  Working class boys face educational failure and a clack of job prospects so cant have the same goals as wider society - status frustration

  So can turn to crime and deviant subcultures as a route to success
• Heidensohn

  Feminist/control theory


  Women commit less crime then men due to patriarchal controls: expectations, risk of domestic violence and sexual violence, men = financial dominance/control (public and private spheres), male heirarchies at work, intimidation and sexual harrassment
• Merton

  Functionalist perspective

  Key idea that deviance results from the culture and structure of society: due to everyone following a value consensus, all working toward the same goal but in different ways: through

  Conformity,

  Innovation,

  Ritualism or

  Retreatism
• Davis and Moore

  Functionalist/consensus theory

  For society to function there must be social stratification

  All jobs must be filled by those best to fit them, they require necessary training, and completed diligently

  So a reward system is in place attaching high rewards to the functionally important roles guaranteeing the best individuals gaining initiative for these roles
• Devine


  Tested Lockwoods theory about privatised instrumentalist becoming typical among the working class but she didn't find an evidence of this: Stating they aren't as home-centred or privatised rejecting the 'new working class' showing how they still retain values of the traditional working class
• Karl Marx

  Marxist/ conflict theory

  Social stratification came from the relationships of social groups to the means of production

  As agriculture develops = so does surplus wealth and an accumulation of private property, with the ruling class gaining control of the means of production, justifying this with ideas such as the free market

  The subject class are victims of false class consciousness in a subservient position

  Causing classes to polarise as the gap between subject class and ruling class grows
• Murray

  New right perspective

  Government welfare reforms have led to a dependency culture and a growing underclass, leading to moral decline and lost interest in getting a job etc
• Townsend


  Used a deprivation index (variable including diet fuel etc) questionnaire to measure relative deprivation

  Defining poverty through the states standard, relative income and relative deprivation

  Stating 22% of the population faced poverty vs the 9% stated by the relative income stats etc
• Walby

  Feminist perspective

  Patriarchy is linked to gender inequalities due to how patriarchal structures oppress women.

  Examples include paid work and patriarchal culture limit women through by cultural views and expectations, relations of production, men benefiting from women's unpaid domestic labour, The state due to the little action they implement to protect women etc
• Weber

  Weberian

  He developed a three-component theory of stratification and the concept of life-chances

  Webers theory of stratification hierarchy is formed of class, status and power

  Power sources being:

  1. Charismatic 2. Traditional 3. Legal rational

  Class: economic position in society based on birth and individual achievement.

  Status: refers to a persons prestige, social honour or popularity