Changing Functions of Areas

• Clark-Fisher model


  a generalised description of how societies' employment structures change as they develop through pre-industrial, industrial and post-industrial
• Mechanisation


  The increased use of machinery. Mechanisation normally means that many people lose their jobs.
• multiplier effect


  -TNC's set up

  -workers earn and spend

  -local services have more trade

  -gov increases tax

  -gov invests in infrastructure
• Spiral of decline


  The process by which an area degrades socially and environmentally, usually causing less investment.
• Issues of today in the uk

  -worklessness

  -Labour market does not provide enough jobs that match the skills and qualifications of unemployed people

  -Work, not close enough to peoples homes

  -Low paid jobs of no prospect of progression

  -Caring responsibility

  -Long-term health conditions

  -disabilities
• Poverty line in the uk

  Earning less than 60% of the median income
• Core peripheral of the UK

  London- higher income
• Wage variations in the uk

  Around cities the income level is higher
• Comparative advantage of sites


  ->natural resources

  ->water supply

  ->soils

  ->trade routes
• Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

  an overall relative measure of deprivation constructed by combining seven dominants of deprivation
• IMD used by national and local organisations, why?


  To target resources and funding where efforts are needed most
• Changing functions of an area

  where an area changes for example what they manufacture
• Adapting to changes of...


  Globalisation

  Technology developments (internet)

  Transport developments
• Policies tend to replicate not reinvent


  Canary Wharf, London- big high rise buildings with little green spaces
• What determine how functions of an areas change?


  -physical factors

  -accessibility

  -historical development

  -national planning
• Supporting cities for economic development


  -improve skills of workforce, factory workers to higher skilled

  -supporting innovation, incentives for businesses to set up

  -dealing with the scars of industrial legacy, reclaiming land
• Cities that have SUCCESSFULLY changed their historical activities


  Manchester-> textiles to knowledge jobs, companies left to cheaper countries though the area did reinvent itself

  Brighton-> tourism and entertainment to knowledge based jobs, has good links to London
• Cities UNSUCCESSFUL in changing their historical activities


  Blackpool-> large sea side tourism to low economic area and people go on stag nights, package holidays abroad became more popular
• Gentrification


  A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.
• Positives of gentrification


  +more businesses/jobs

  +more money into local economy

  +more facilities in area, restaurants/transport

  +new industry

  +decrease in crime

  +more visually appealing

  +galvanisation
• negative of gentrification


  increases property values and property taxes and pushes out low income residents

  People are forced to move to cities where they have no connections or family

  Less regard for history

  Conflict
• Studentification


  Communities benefit from local universities which provide employment opportunities and a large student population which can regenerate pubs, shops and buy-to-let properties
• 30s leaving London due to cost


  leaving to Margate, Kent

  Small flat in London = 5/6 bedroom property in Margate

  HAGs leaving London

  1 in 6 companies are thinking of leaving London
• Studentification Swansea


  used to have 3,000 now can hold 18,000

  brynhill used to be a street homed to wealthy families, large homes now is students (7% are permanent residents)
• houses for Londres?


  No they are safety deposit boxes for the 1%, foreign investors to keep money safe
• London accelerated growth....


  -large diverse pop and economic base

  -retain and attract talent, 'super creatives'-> critical mass of smart professionals

  -excellent uni and schools

  -excellent regional, national and international transport connections
• National Policy


  The north of England and America could become the northern super-city.

  Together have immense assets-

  Manchester's international airport, the Port of Liverpool, research universities, diverse manufacturing, housing stock

  though the opposite has happened as investment and development have been directed to the south