CRIM RAHHHH

• crime control - right realist idea and believes in zero tolerance and cracking down on crime. aim to arrest criminals and sentence them as quick as possible.
• due process - Left realist idea and goes off the idea that everyone is "innocent until proven guilty" giving them the right to a fair trial.
• retribution - the idea that people should be punished for their actions to an equal amount for the crime they committed. "an eye for an eye"
• Deterrence - the punishment of criminals to deter them and others from commiting the same crime, scaring them away.
• Public protection - protecting the public from the harm of criminals e.g locking them away in prison so they cant harm anyone or commit more crimes.
• Reparation - Making payments or amends for the offences and harm done.
• Rehabilitation - the idea that prisoners can change, and making them change their behavior and ways so they don't reoffend after their punishment.
• Bill - law is first drafted.
• First reading- the bill is read but not discussed.
• Second reading - the bill is debated for the first time and votes are taken.
• Committe stage - debate the bill and consider amendments and changes to the bill.
• Report stage - Known as the "ping pong stage" where the bill bounces between the house of lords and commons.
• Third reading - the final chance for the house of commons to debate the bill and make final changes.
• House of lords - each house considers each other amendments and keep debating until they can both agree on the final draft.
• Royal assent - the king signs off on the law making it official.
• The role of the CPS is to investigate and prosecute criminal cases in England and Wales.
• The role of the police is to maintain law and order and arrest people who go against the law ensuring the community feels safe.
• The role of the courts is to interpret the law and apply the facts to a case giving an offender a sentence if they are deemed guilty.
• The role of the HM prison service is to keep those sentenced to prison in custody restricting their liberty's as punishment. But also help them lead law abiding lives once they are released.
• The role of the probation service is to help offenders change their behavior so they don't reoffend.
• Discharge - a type of conviction where the court finds you guilty but does not charge you because the offence is so minor.
• Fines - A common type of conviction given to less serious crimes, and an offender must pay a sum of money to the court.
• Community sentence - a less serious sentence where offenders do unpaid work or get given help to address their offending behavior e.g drug problems.
• Panopticon - means "all seeing"
• Token economies - A system where tokens are given for desirable behavior which can then be used to get comforts in prison e.g. TV, and games. And this allows these comforts to be taken away if a prisoner miss behaves.
• ASBO -anti social behavior order. Introduced in 1999 to reduce anti social behavior.
• Token economies are effective for long term prison sentences and are good at achieving social control.
• crime that fall under the dark figure of crime are domestic violence, white collar crime, and honour crime
• Government sponsored agencies - police, CPS, judiciary, prisons, probation service.
• How effective is the police?

  • 48% of all offences closed with no suspect identification
  • 26% increase in homicide rates
  • 10% rise in overall crime
• Full code test - provides a uniform fair approach to the role to ensure all suspects and all cases are dealt with on the same basis. And allows the "due process" model of justice to be followed.
• CPS - independent from the police and tasked with charging suspects and prosecuting them.
• limiting factors of the CPS.

  • time consuming
  • funding issues
  • over zealous leading
• Who are the judiciary?

  • Judges
  • magistrate
  • Jury
  • Main role is to ensure that a fair trial takes place
• Judges

  • Clarify the law for the jury
  • act as the referee
  • Act as the reference in examination in chief and cross examination
  • Sum up the evidence
  • Pass the sentence after conviction
• C Walter Reckless - made a theory that argued that there are inner and outer forces of containment that restrain people from committing a crime.
• Inner containment - the ability of individuals to follow expected norms and control themselves. Can consist of religious beliefs, traditions, self image, conscience.
• Hirschi social control theory suggests that delinquent adolescents fail to develop social bonds.

  • attachment to parents, peers and school
  • occupational and educational commitment
  • academic involvement
  • belief in social rules and convention
• Outer containment - social institutions such as family, school, work etc. These can also be referred to as formal controls or informal controls.
• Police powers include arresting suspects, investigating offences, preventing crime and protecting life and property.