Hydrosphere

• Hydrosphere


  all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds.
• Fluxed INTO hydrosphere


  -respiration (biosphere)

  -Diffusion (atmosphere)

  -Weathering/erosion (lithosphere)
• Fluxes OUT hydrosphere


  -diffusion (atmosphere)

  -photosynthesis (biosphere)
• Carbon pumps


  Processes in the oceans that circulate and store carbon
• What are the carbon pumps?


  -physical pump, movement of ocean current

  -biological pump, migration of phytoplankton

  -carbonate pump, used by organisms to form shell
• Physical pump


  -Coriolis effect (surface)

  -Oceanic Gyres (shallow)

  -Thermohaline circulation (deep)
• Coriolis effect


  The effect of Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents.
• Oceanic Gyres


  -dissolved carbon has moved around surface water by winds and tides

  -combined with earths rotation and shallow water-gyres

  -this moves water horizontally within shallow water

  -impacts the top 10% of water
• 5 main gyres


  North Pacific, South Pacific, North Atlantic, South Atlantic, Indian Ocean
• thermohaline circulation


  Movement of ocean water caused by density difference brought about by variations in temperature and salinity. As ocean water freezes at the poles it concentrates salt, and the colder, denser water sinks.
• Downwelling


  The movement of water from the surface to greater depths.
• Upwelling


  The movement of deep, cold, and nutrient-rich water to the surface
• Thermocline


  Gradient of distinct temperature differences associate with depth
• Biological pump


  phytoplankton photosynthesising

  -consuming carbon dioxide and releasing oxygen

  -live around coastlines

  -im greater concentration around the Pacific and Atlantic oceans
• Name two types of phytoplankton


  -Cyanobacteria

  -Coccolithophore
• Carbonate pump


  Dissolved carbon in the water is used to form the shells of invertebrate marine creatures

  -coral, radiolaria, coccolithophores, calms
• Carbon compensation depth


  The depth below which calcium carbonate becomes soluble and dissolves