Sociology U2 Mod 1

• Crude Birth Rate (CBR)


  # of live births per 1k div. by total population
• Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

  # of births per 1k div. by women 15-49
• Crude Death Rate (CDR)


  # of death per 1k div. by total population
• Natural Increase (NI)


  # of births - # of deaths
• Life Expectancy (LE)


  Estimated number of years one is expected to live
• Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)


  # of infant death per 1k div. by total population
• Immigration


  International movement 'into' a country
• Emigration


  International movement 'from' a country
• Population Growth


  Births - deaths + (imm - em) div. by total population
• Dependency Ratio


  Population under 15 + pop. over 65 x 100 div. by population 15-64
• Population Density


  Number of people per square km
• Human Development Index (HDI)


  Looks at economic development and economic welfare. It examines life expectancy, education and income levels and is scored from 0 to 1.
• Gross Domestic Product (GDP)


  Measure of market value
• Population Pyramids


  • Expansive
  • Stationary
  • Constrictive
• Expansive population pyramid


  • Rapid growth, broad base, narrow top, concave sides, high birth rate
• Stationary population pyramid


  • Rectangular sides, neutral or stable growth, low birth rate
• Constrictive population pyramid


  • Negative growth, high life expectancy, low birth and death rate, convex sides
• Social Darwinism


  • Natural Selection: it is natural, normal and proper for the strong to survive at the weak's expense
  • Survival of the fittest only
  • The fittest are the rich and powerful elites of society
• Unilinear Evolution


  Society developed in a single line of continuation from primitive to complex
• Unilinear Evolution assumes all cultures follow the same path of progression
• Multilinear Development


  • All cultures are unique in time and place
  • There is no specific evolutionary change that is experienced by all cultures universally
• Demographic Transition Theory


  The process by which underdeveloped countries experience a change in their birth and mortality rate because of a change in the economic development of the state
• Stages in Demographic Transition


  • High fluctuating/ high stationary
  • Early expanding
  • Late expanding
  • Low stationary
• Demographic Transition Theory does not account for events such as wars, pandemics, colonization, diseases and reports mainly on demographic data of developed countries rather than less developed ones
• Malthusian Theory


  Unchecked population growth increases geometrically and food supply increases arithmetically
• Malthus' reasons for the decline in living conditions

  • The overproduction of the young
  • The irresponsibility of the lower classes
  • The inability for resources to keep up with population growth
• Malthus' checks that limit population growth

  • Preventive or negative checks (abstinence, delaying marriage)
  • Positive checks (war, famine, plagues, floods)
• Vice


  Malthus warned against the dangers of practicing any kind of 'family planning believing that it could lead to promiscuity
• Misery


  The effects of disease, famine or wars i.e. all the causes which shorten the duration of human life
• Moral restraint


  Delayed marriage and abstinence from sexual relations were considered highly advisable by Malthus in order to avoid the consequences of over-population
• Malthus' theory is too simplistic and technological advancements of the past 2 centuries contradict his theory
• Food Security


  When all people at all times have access to sufficient safe food to maintain a healthy and active life
• Neo-Malthusian Theory


  Focuses on food security and food supply built on 3 pillars: physical food availability, economic access to food, and nutritional requirements
• Development Discourse


  Gained popularity in the 1940s following the end of WW2 concerned with "first, second and third" world countries
• Development is understood as a quest for betterment, improvement and increase in material substance, and is measured by social, economic and global wellbeing
• Development is identified with economic growth usually measured in terms of per capita GNP
• Economic growth does not necessarily equate to increases in wealth or better healthcare, and wealth does not equal wellbeing and poverty does not mean being miserable
• Modernization Theory


  Development theory from the late 1950s that outlines certain prerequisites that must be met for success, including a highly productive agriculture and manufacturing sector, functioning markets and stable governments
• Rostow's 5 stages of development


  • Traditional society
  • Preconditions for take off
  • Take off
  • Drive to maturity
  • Age of high mass consumption
• Modernization theory does not acknowledge the European use of slavery to gain the upper hand in development with the use of exploitation, and it is also a linear development theory