Virology

• What are the targets of anti-HIV drugs?

  • Integrase
  • Protease
  • Reverse transcriptase
  • Entry
• Slow development and lasts for years 


  Persistent infection
• Rapid onset and short duration


  Acute infection
• Has a period of where the viruses hide in cells

  Latent infection
• Two copies of CCR5 results in 


  Normal progression of AIDS
• No copies of CCR5

  Resistant to AIDS
• One copy of CCR5


  Slower progression of AIDS
• Antigenic drift makes it less likely that last year's flu shot will work. 
• In the lysogenic cycle, the viral genome incorporates into the host genome and stays there throughout replication until the lytic cycle is triggered.
• Viruses are produced during the lysogenic cycle. True or False

  False
• AZT is a thymine analogue with a 3' OH group. True or False

  False
• AZT is a thymidine analogue in which the 3′OH is replaced by an azido group.
• Bacteria always burst during the lytic cycle. True or False

  False
• Reverse transcriptase uses RNA to make DNA.
• What is true about viruses

  • They do not maintain homeostasis
  • They do not have metabolism
  • They do not respond to stimuli
  • They can adapt to their environment.
• Antigenetic shift means that

  Genetic reassortment has occurred making antigens less likely to be recognized by antibodies
• Used  by flu viruses for leaving cells

  Neuraminidase
• Hemagglutinin is used by flu viruses for attachment
• The capsid is a protein cover
• The envelope is a phospholipid bilayer
• Retroviral RNA can be found in our genome. True or False

  False
• All viruses have 2 things:

  1. Genetic material
  2. Capsid (to protect genetic material)
• What types of genetic material can viruses have

  1. DNA-Double stranded
  2. DNA-Single stranded
  3. RNA-Double stranded
  4. RNA-Single stranded
• Some viruses contain an envelope that is picked up by a cell when entering/leaving
• In the lytic cycle

  A cell becomes a virus producing factory
• In the lysogenic cycle

  Viral genetic material incorporates into host cell DNA
• Acute infection


  Slow development and lasts for years
• Latent infection


  Has a period of where the viruses hide in cells
• Persistant infection


  Slow development and lasts for years
• Colds, flu, and measles are examples of which type of infection

  Acute
• Hepatitis, HIV, and AIDS are examples of which type of infection

  Persistant or chronic
• Herpes, chicken pox-shingles are examples of which type of infection

  Latent
• Antigenic drift

  • Mutations lead to small changes in proteins
  • Has highly specific antibodies
  • Antibodies are no longer effective
• Azidothymidine (AZT) was developed as a cancer drug
• AZT has a N3 group instead of OH (thymine) which:

  Stops synthesis