ethics

• Exogenous model


  Foreign model
• Ethics


  The principles of conduct governing an individual or a group
• Indigenous model


  Traditional model
• Mankind shares universal human values, but certain values take on a distinctively Filipino flavor
• Philosophy


  The study of fundamental nature of knowledge, reality and existence
• The Greek ideal of moderation, the Roman "virtue in the middle", and the Confucian/Buddhist "doctrine of the Middle" find their Filipino equivalent in "hindi labis, hindi kulang, katamtaman lamang"
• Branches of Philosophy


  • Metaphysics
  • Epistemology
  • Axiology
• Elements of Filipino values are not absent in the value systems of other people and cultures
• Metaphysics


  Answers the question "What is the nature of reality?"; Concerned with reality and existence
• Categories of Metaphysics


  • Ontology
  • Cosmology
• Epistemology


  Answers the question "What is the nature of knowledge?"; Raises questions about the nature of knowledge
• Types of Logic


  • Deductive logic
  • Inductive logic
• Axiology


  Answers the question "What is the nature of values?"; Explores the nature of values
• Subdivisions of Axiology


  • Ethics
  • Aesthetics
• Universal human values in a Filipino context take on a distinctive set of Filipino meanings and motivations
• Ethics


  Examines good or bad practices within the context of moral duty; Examines moral standards and whether they are reasonable or unreasonable
• Strands of Philosophy


  • Idealism
  • Realism
  • Neo-theism
  • Pragmatism
  • Existentialism
  • Analytic Philosophy
• The Filipino concept of justice has evolved from inequality to equality, and to human dignity; from the tribe, to the family, and to the nation
• Idealism


  • Refers to the world of mind and ideas, where reason is primary
• Realism


  • The universe exists, whether mind perceives it or not
• Neo-theism


  • God exists and can be known through faith and reason
• Pragmatism


  • Also known as experimentalism; Focuses on the experience of things that work
• Existentialism


  • Appeared as a revolt against the mathematical, scientific philosophers that preceded it
• Filipino consciousness of these different values varies at different periods of history
• In the last two decades, Filipinos have become more conscious of overpopulation, family planning, environmental pollution, wildlife conservation, human rights violations, active non-violence, and People Power
• Analytic Philosophy


  • Sought to clarify and define philosophies; Established the concept of logical positivism
• Six types of value system


  • Theoretical
  • Economic
  • Aesthetic
  • Social
  • Political
  • Religious
• Theoretical value system


  Places high importance on discovery of truth through a critical and rational approach
• Economic value system


  Emphasizes on the useful and practical form of values
• Aesthetic value system


  Places high value on form and harmony
• Social value system


  Highest value is given to love of people
• Plato


  Held that moral values are objective and exist in a spirit-like realm beyond subjective human convention
• Political value system


  Emphasizes on acquisition of power and influence
• Aristotle


  Argued that virtues are good habits we acquire, which regulate our emotions
• Religious value system


  Concerned with unity of experience and understanding of cosmos as a whole
• Filipino cultural values


  • Hospitable to guests and kind to other people
  • Respectful children who greet elders by gently hitting their hand on their forehead
• Immanuel Kant


  Kantian ethics emphasizes a single principle of duty; Agreed that we have moral duties to oneself and others
• St. Augustine


  Proposed an ethic of love, where happiness is to be found only in God
• St. Thomas Aquinas


  Merged Aristotelian eudemonism and Christian theology; Thought an act is good or bad depending on whether it contributes to or deters us from our proper human end
• Utilitarianism


  A consequential theory that assesses the morality of an action based on its consequences, rather than on a list of duties