Unit 4

• What is the binomial naming system?


  The binomial naming system is a system used to give each species a unique two-part scientific name, consisting of the genus and species names.
• How has fossil evidence helped us?


  It helped us put in order the age of certain organisms and how they have developed over time. We can also come up with a theory on how the organisms progressed. stone tools can also help us achieve that.
• What is the order of change?


  Genetic variation

  Environmental change

  Natural change

  inheritance

  evolution
• What is genetic variation?

  The characteristics of individuals change due to difference of genes.
• What is environmental change?

  Change in condition due to lack of resources
• What is natural selection?


  The people that have variated have a larger chance of ssurvival
• What is inhertitance?


  The ones that survive get the better genes.
• What is evolution?


  new species have formed
• What was Darwin's theory?

  That all species have come from the same ancestors jusr evolved differently to fit the characteristics
• What organism has the fastest evolution?

  Bacteria
• How do bacteria evolve?


  . Antibiotics kill bacteria

  . The bacteria population started to show variation in being resistant to antibiotics

  . most of the antibiotics die but the ones that are left are resistant to the antibiotics

  . the person stops the antibiotics but the resitant bacteria stays and grows
• Why should we not take a lot of antibiotics?


  So the bacteria don't become resistant to the antibiotics
• What is selection pressure?


  Environmental factors influence the survival and reproduction of individuals, leading to certain traits becoming more or less common in a population over time.
• What are Lucy's traits?


  found in Ethiopia

  hominin discovery of the new joint

  primate animal
• What are the characteristics of ardi?

  1.2 meters tall

  50 kg

  long arms
• What is the development of Darwin's theory?


  How older tools are found deeper in the earth and how they have evolved. The way that they were dated and what environment they were found in.
• What is a stone tool?

  An object that is made to ease the work of people.
• What does the earliest evidence date back to?

  Paleolithic era
• What was the pentadactyl limb?


  All came from the same ancestor but just adapted in the same way. Many vertebrate have similar 5 finger hands.
• What is the Linnaeus system of classification?

  A way of classification so all the similar animals end up togther
• Why do we have names in Latin?


  So that all the scientists can have to same name to classify them by.
• What is the binomial naming system?


  Genus species
• What did Carl Woeses produce?

  the three domain theory
• What are the characteristics of an animal and what are some examples 


  without cell wall cells

  asexual and sexual reproduction

  humans and cats
• What are some characteristics and examples of plants?

  non-mobile

  sexual and asexual reproduction

  cellulosic cell wall

  algae and fernes
• What are some characteristics of protists and what are some examples?


  Characteristics: Eukaryotic, mostly unicellular, diverse in structure and function. Examples: Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena.
• What are some characteristics of fungi and what are some examples?


  Characteristics: Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, reproduce by spores. Examples: mushrooms, yeast, mold.
• What are some characteristics of prokaryotes and what are some examples?


  Characteristics: No nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles, circular DNA. Examples: Bacteria, Archaea.
• Archaea?


  single-celled microorganism

  they lack a cell nucleus

  their genes contain unused sections

  they thrive in extreme conditions
• Eukarya 


  they have a nucleus

  other membrane bound organism

  more comples
• Bacteria?


  single celled

  prokariotic

  no membrane

  diverse

  vital in ecostystems

  no unused sections of dna
• What is artificial selection?


  When humans choose certain characteristics for a better chance of survival.
• Why do we artificially engineer?


  for disease restriction

  yield

  coping with environmental conditions

  fast growth
• process of genetic engineering


  restriction enzyme used to isolate the required gene leaving it with sticky ends and unpaired bases.

  a plasmid that is cut by the same enzyme is also left with sticky ends

  plasmid and gene are joined together by a ligase enzyme

  this is called the recombinant gene

  DNA is put back

  then it starts mitosis and spreads
• What is golden rice?


  genetically modifies rice that has lots of vitamin A and is good for the immune system.
• What is the aquadvantage salmon


  genetically modified salmon that grow faster
• What is BT corn crop?

  Genetically modified corn that produces insectide
• What are fertilizers?


  nutrients that help plants grow.
• What chemicals are involved?


  nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium.
• Sometimes plants make their insecticides and then the plants get resistant to them. GM crops make more faster but they are expensive.