P.E

• When analysing markets, a range of assumptions are made about the rationality of economic agents involved in the transactions
• The Wealth of Nations was written

  1776
• Rational

  (in classical economic theory) economic agents are able to consider the outcome of their choices and recognise the net benefits of each one
• Consumers act rationally by


  Maximising their utility
• Producers act rationally by


  Selling goods/services in a way that maximises their profits
• Workers act rationally by


  Balancing welfare at work with consideration of both pay and benefits
• Governments act rationally by


  Placing the interests of the people they serve first in order to maximise their welfare
• Rationality in classical economic theory is a flawed assumption as people usually don't act rationally
• A firm increases advertising

  Demand curve shifts right
• Demand curve shifting right

  Increases the equilibrium price and quantity
• Marginal utility


  The additional utility (satisfaction) gained from the consumption of an additional product
• If you add up marginal utility for each unit you get total utility
• Macronutrients and micronutrients


  • Vitamin C
  • Folic Acid
  • Protein
  • Fats
  • Iodine
• Your nutrition requirements as a cheerleader will vary depending on your training demands. Whatever your level, the first priority is to eat a wide variety of healthy foods to boost your immune system and help cells and organs do their jobs.
• Walking lunges


  1. Take a controlled step forward with your right leg, lowering your hips toward the floor by bending both knees to 90-degree angles

  2. Press your right heel into the ground, and push off with your left foot to bring your left leg forward, stepping with control into a lunge on the other side
• Squats


  1. Stand with feet a little wider than hip width, toes facing front

  2. Drive your hips back—bending at the knees and ankles and pressing your knees slightly open—as you sit into a squat position while still keeping your heels and toes on the ground, chest up and shoulders back

  3. Press into your heels and straighten your legs to return to a standing upright position
• Calf raises


  1. Hold weights of the same size at your sides with your arms slack

  2. Slowly raise your heels, Pause for one second

  3. Slowly lower your heels back to the ground
• Push ups


  1. Get down on all fours, placing your hands slightly wider than your shoulders

  2. Straighten your arms and legs

  3. Lower your body until your chest nearly touches the floor

  4. Pause, then push yourself back up
• Pull ups


  Engaging the muscles in your arms and back, bend your elbows and raise your upper body up toward the bar until your chin is over the bar
• Inclined push-ups


  1. Stand in front of your box or bench, then squat or bend down and place both hands on either side of it with your fingers pointing forward

  2. Step your body back into a plank position, one leg at a time

  3. Bend your arms to help you slowly lower your chest toward the box, then straighten your arms to bring yourself back up into a straight line
• Jogging in place


  1. Pump your arms as you jog

  2. Lift your knees higher to increase your heart rate

  3. Increase your speed
• Cheerdance is from the words, cheer and dance. To cheer is to shout out words or phrases that may help motivate and boost the morale of a playing team and perform during a game. Dance, on the other hand, is a physical activity where one expresses emotions or gestures while performing bodily movements usually in time with rhythm. Cheerdancing originated from cheerleading which is the performance of a routine, usually dominated by gymnastic skills such as jumps, tumbling skills, lifts and tosses combined with shouting of cheers and yells to lead the crowd to cheer for a certain team during a game or sports activity. It originated in the United States.
• Health benefits of cheerdance


  • Healthy level of fitness
  • Strength Training
  • Coordination
  • Flexibility
  • Improved posture
  • Team building
  • Confidence
  • Knowledge in following directions
  • Setting personal goals
  • Better relationships with fellow team members
• Cheerdancing shares many of the same types of injuries seen in other combative sports. However, the risk of injury can be reduced.
• Injury prevention and safety tips


  • Use mats and even surfaces when learning new skills
  • Maintain a good fitness level, observe proper warm-up and cool-down exercises
• Beginning stance


  Feet together, hands down by the side in blades
• Cheer stance


  Feet more than shoulder width apart, hands down by the side in blades
• Basic cheer motions


  • Low V
  • High V
  • Touchdown
  • Low Touchdown
  • Clasp
  • Clap
  • Tabletop
  • Bow and Arrow
  • Overhead Clasp
  • Low Clasp
  • Punch
  • L Motion
  • Diagonal
  • T Motion
  • Half T
  • Side Lunge
  • Front Lunge
• Cheer jumps - Pencil jump


  1. Straighten your legs as you push into the air

  2. Extend your legs and launch yourself off the ground

  3. Keep your legs glued together and your knees straight, pointing your toes in the air

  4. Swing your straight arms into a T-position as you jump
• Cheer jumps - Tuck jump


  1. Bring your knees up to your chest, do not kick your legs behind you

  2. Keep your back straight

  3. Land with your feet together
• Cheer jumps - Spread eagle

  1. Your legs are apart with your knees facing forward

  2. Keep your legs directly beside you, toes pointed toward the ground

  3. Your arms are in a High "V" motion

  4. Keep your back straight and head up - do not lean forward

  5. Land with your feet together
• Cheer jumps - Hurdler


  1. Arms are in a High Touchdown Motion

  2. Point your toes

  3. Land with your feet together
• Cheer jumps - Pike jump


  1. Keep your legs together and reach for your toes

  2. Point your toes

  3. Bring your legs up to your arms, do not reach down for them

  4. Land with your feet together
• Cheer jumps - Toe touch


  1. Keep your head and chest up

  2. Bring your legs up to you, reach for your heels - not your toes

  3. Land with your feet together
• Floor stunt - Cartwheel


  1. Put your dominant leg in front and bend it slightly, back leg straight, arms straight above your head

  2. Put your hands on the ground with your hands turned 90 degrees

  3. Kick your feet over your head one at a time, land in a lunge facing the opposite direction
• Floor stunt - Forward roll


  Place your feet together and bend your knees so that you're squatting, place your hands on the ground in front of you and roll forward
• Chants are cheers that are essential parts of cheerleading as they get the crowd excited, motivate your team and get the crowd involved in the game.
• Chant


  A chant is usually very short and you repeat it 3 or more times
• Cheer


  A cheer is longer than a chant is done only 1 time through
• Types of cheers and chants


  • Offense chant
  • Defense chant
  • Spirit/General chant