Pathogenesis and Immunity

• Mucociliary clearance moves bacteria up the tracheae and eventually the go down the esophagus
• The immediate goal of adaptive immunity is to produce antibodies. 
• The long-term goal of adaptive immunity is to produce memory B and T cells.
• Cytotoxic T cells (Tc; CD8) attack cells displaying self-antigens. True or False

  True
• The rhesus factor is relevant when 

  • Mom is rhesus negative.
  • The baby rhesus positive
• In Type I hypersensitivities

  IgE bind to mast cells  after the first exposure  
• Streptococcus pneumoniae binds to respiratory mucous using lipoteichoic acid and M proteins
• Salmonella species has a type I fimbriae that binds to the small intestine epithelium
• Streptococcus mutans uses dextran in slime layer to bind to tooth surfaces
• Neisseria gonorrhoeae binds to epithelial using opacity proteins
• Escherichia coli has a fimbriae (colonization factor antigens) that binds to small intestine epithelium
• Antibodies are made by the body and attach to epitopes found on antigens.
• Digestive  enzymes are found in phagosomes. True or False

  False
• What do universal donors have?

  • anti- A antigen antibodies
  • anti - B antigen antibodies
• What can result in a superinfection causing pseudomembraneous colitis?

  Clostridium dificille
• Cholera toxin causes diarrhea
• Endotoxins stimulate the immune system
• Tetanus toxins causes rigid paralysis
• Botulinum toxins cause flaccid paralysis
• Phagocytes (antigen presenting cells) perform phagocytosis; Phagocytes (antigen presenting cells) show an antigen to a naïve T cell; TH2 send signals B cells; Plasma cells secrete antibodies
• Protein A binds to the Fc region of antibodies preventing opsonization. True or False

  False
• Antibodies created in response to an infection

  Natural, active immunity
• Antibodies given through an injection

  Artificial, passive immunity
• Antibodies created in response to a vaccination

  Artificial, activeimmunity
• Antibodies passed to an infant through breast milk

  Natural, passive immunity
• What is used by our body to trap iron?

  • Lactoferrin
  • Transferrin
• Natural killer cells ignore cells with self-MHC's. True or False

  True
• What is relevant to the development of a yeast superinfection?

  1. Anti-bacterial drugs taken
  2. Fermentation decreases
  3. Candida albicans increase
  4. pH increases
  5. Lactobacilli decrease
• Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) holds antigens outside the cell
• Complement proteins with antibodies help burst bacterial cells
• Antibodies help phagocytes do their job

  Opsonization
• Viral or toxin neutralization antibodies prevent binding
• T-cell receptor looks at antigens and MHC to determine if they should be in the body
• Interferons warn nearby cells that a virus is around
• Antitoxin antibodies bind to toxins preventing them binding to cells
• Monoclonal antibodies are made using a single B cell and cancer cell.  They recognize different epitopes.  True or False

  False
• Lysozyme breaks down the peptidoglycan layer of Gram-negative bacteria. True or False

  False
• Type IV hypersensitivities depend on 

  • TH1 cells
  • Macrophages
• Cytotoxic T cells (Tc; CD8) attack cells with non-self MHCs. True or False

  False
• Describe why lactose intolerance leads to its symptoms

  -No lactase to break down lactose

  -Lactose creates hypertonic conditions

  -Water enters the intestines and cause diarrhea