Sport and society

• Differences in society after the industrial revolution

  Pre-industrial - 2 tier society, rural system, farming, popular recreation, no time off Post industrial - 3 tier class system, urbanisation, factory work, rational recreation, half or 1 day off per week
• Barriers to participation during the industrial revolution

  No transport, no time, no money, no media
• Mob football

  Popular recreation, pre-industrial, lower class, no pitch, little stratergy, played occasionally, locally based
• Mob football banned by local authorities

  People were getting injured so couldnt work, a more civilised society was being developed, rational recreation was developed as an alternative, urbanisation caused no space to play
• Real Tennis

  Popular recreation

  Played by the upper class in pre-industrial Britain. Played more often with structured events, better equipment, strategy in place, played by the ruling class, purpose built courts and structured rules.
• How the church promoted sports (football)

  Provided facilities, encouraged christian values in sports, created teams (Aston Villa), established youth sections of the sport, promoted muscular christianity through sport.
• How the middle class improved sporting provisions for working class

  Codification - structured leagues to play in. Public provision - middle class factory owners built facilities for all people to take part. Increased leisure time. Move to professionalism - Broken time payments allowed workers to afford to miss work to participate
• Characteristics of the gentleman amateur

  Middle class, played sport to a high moral code, emphasis on sportsmanship, a respected member of society with a public school background, playing a range of sports.
• Characteristics of the working-class professional

  working class, emphasis on winning, ex-factory workers, focus on one sport and earning money
• Reasons for the rationalisation of association football

  urbanisation, higher income, middle-class involvement, improved transport, increased professionalism.
• The rationalisation of lawn tennis

  Invented by the middle class as they were not in a high enough status. Seen as a minimum exercise activity so women could play in enclosed areas. Working class were excluded from the game as it was kept as strictly amateur - they had no incentive to play.
• Track and field athletics

  Urbanisation caused tracks and purpose built facilities to be built where spectators could watch. Working-class would seek payment for their performances and the middle class remained amateur. Ex-public school boys created the amateur athletic club and excluded the working class from taking place.
• Wenlock olympian games

  Created by Dr William penny brookes in 1850 to promote moral, physical and intellectual improvements.
• Characteristics of commercial sport

  Wide media coverage - Professional - Athletes are commodities - high quality - sponsored
• Effects of commercialisation on professional performers

  • High wages - can train full time
  • Some cheat to earn more
  • Put under pressure to perform when injured - further damage - loss of earnings
  • Performers can become entertainers - Ronaldo
  • Performers have to spend a lot of time away from sport
  • Must specialise in one sport from an early age - to be the best - may stop enjoying the specialised sport
  • Controlled by the sponsor - majority of wage is earnt through sponsorship - may have to drop training commitments to attend publicity events
• Effects of commercialisation on sports

  1.Rules and scoring systems have been changed - engage the crowd. 2.Breaks are provided in play - advertising. 3. Womens sport receives less coverage 4.Increased use of technology through the media
• Reasons companies invest large amounts of money into sport through sponsorship.

  Increased sales - increased brand awareness - creates a healthy image
• Socio-cultural factors leading to an increase in female participation

  Equal opportunities - increased media coverage - role models - more provision via PE - increased chance to participate - more free time
• Womes referee development pathway

  The body specifically responsible for female referees. Helps to develop referees from grassroots level to the Womens super league.
• Lack of females in sport

  Stereotyping, discrimination, lack of access to clubs, lack of media coverage, lack of sponsorship
• Define society

  The aggregate of people living together in a more of less ordered community.
• Social problems in sport

  Hooliganism - gender pay gap - racism - disadvantaged people restricted from playing sport.
• Primary socialisation teaches :

  Communication, problem solving, respect for others, share with others, basic coordination
• Gender socialisation

  Learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles through socialisation.
• Social Stratification


  Where society is divided into different levels on the basis of wealth or status
• Life in pre-industrial britain

  Limited communication and transport, widespread illiteracy, cruel and violent existences amongst the lower class, limited free time, two-teir feudal system, people lived in the countryside/rural areas.
• Characteristics of popular recreation

  Occasional, local and specific to each community, used the natural resources around them, basic rules, aggressive and male dominated, wagers were placed.
• Real tennis 


  A form of popular recreation however did not reflect the typical characteristics of it - played by the upper class, an exclusive and royal activity. Complex rules, played to a high moral code, played regularly with purpose built facilities and non-local. It was a skilful game which enabled the upper class to show their superiority over the lower class.
• Rational Recreation


  Sports pastimes for the lower class, developed by the middle class to be well ordered, organised and controlled.
• Influences on the development of rational recreation

  The industrial revolution, urbanisation, the transport revolution, communication, the church, the emergence of the middle class in a 3 tier society, the british empire, public provision, the development of NGB's
• Urbanisation


  large numbers of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities seeking regular work in the factories. Many violent sports were banned due to the emergence of a more civilised community so a large working class population needed mass entertainment. Purpose built facilities were developed and there was a change in working conditions.
• The influence of the church 


  The church promoted sport as it encouraged social control. Provided facilities for the working class to improve morality. The church organised teams, set up clubs and competitions and provided halls and playing fields to play.
• The emergence of the middle class 


  emerged as a result of the industrial revolution and urbanisation. Codified sports, development of leagues and competitions, public provision, increased leisure time and the move to professionalism.
• Public school boys 


  Developed teams and taught sporting values in schools as teachers. Gave workers time off and set up teams as factory owners. Developed church teams as clergy. Formed NGB's. Spresd sport through the british empire as officers in the british army
• Amateurism and professionalism


  Amateurism - manliness, appreciating the value for health and fitness and rule-regulated activity. Characteristics of the gentlemen amateur - dominated by the upper and middle class, sport was played to a high moral code.