industry

• Industrial systems


  Have inputs, processes and outputs
• Inputs of industrial systems


  • Raw materials
  • Labour
  • Energy
  • Capital
  • Land and buildings
• Processes of industrial systems


  • Cutting
  • Sewing
  • Welding
  • Brewing
  • Painting
  • Steel moulding
• Outputs of industrial systems


  • Finished products
  • By-products
  • Products for continued manufacturing
  • Waste
• Finished products


  • Cars
  • Clothing
  • Beer
  • Shoes
• By-products


  • Marmite from beer brewing
• Continued manufacturing


  • Cleaning wool or cotton
  • Weaving wool or cotton for material
  • Material made into clothes for a finished product
• Waste is produced with all manufacturing; it has no value but creates a cost for disposal
• Manufacturing classifications


  • Heavy industry (iron and steel manufacturing)
  • Light industry (computer manufacturing, smart phone assembly, clothing, micro-brewing)
• Some industries need a lot of processes or processing, and this can lead to heavy pollution
• Specialised steel production


  1. Alloy production (chromium, cobalt)

  2. Electric arc furnace

  3. Oxygen furnace

  4. Rolling

  5. Cutting
• Iron production


  1. Iron ore melting in blast furnace

  2. Coke oven

  3. Rolling into sheets

  4. Cutting into lengths
• The sectors of industry are interrelated, and an individual industry will often use more than one sector to produce products
• High-tech industry


  • Fastest growing industry in the world
  • Most MEDCs and NICs have at least one hub
  • High degree of research and development
  • Mostly computer automated manufacturing
• Distribution & Location of Factories & Industrial Zones


  Every day companies make decisions about where to locate their industries
• Different industries require different inputs, but they also require them to be readily and cheaply available
• Location decision


  Most companies look for the least cost but highest profit location
• Manufacturers


  Need to find the optimum location that will produce maximum profit
• Factors influencing location decision


  • Physical
  • Human
  • Economic
• Physical factors


  • Raw materials
  • Site availability and cost of land
  • Climate
  • Energy
  • Natural routeways
  • Water supplies
• Human and economic factors


  • Capital
  • Markets
  • Government influence
  • Transport
  • Communications
  • Labour force
  • Quality of life
• High-tech industry


  • Involved in research and development
  • Aerospace technology
  • Weapons guidance systems
  • Medical robotics
  • Software
  • Computer hardware
  • Other technically advanced products
• High-tech industries


  • Usually group together in science parks
  • Close to the university or a research centre
  • With good security systems
• Purpose of science parks


  • Encourage research and development (R&D)
  • High-tech industries
  • Other quaternary activities
• Location of science parks


  • Close to transport networks (including airports) to allow for knowledge transfer
  • Further away from housing estates and retail parks to reduce sound, air and visual pollution
• High-tech industry


  • Involved in research and development
  • Aerospace technology
  • Weapons guidance systems
  • Medical robotics
  • Software
  • Computer hardware
  • Other technically advanced products
• High-tech industries


  • Usually group together in science parks
  • Close to the university or a research centre
  • With good security systems
• Purpose of science parks


  • Encourage research and development (R&D)
  • High-tech industries
  • Other quaternary activities
• Location of science parks


  • Close to transport networks (including airports) to allow for knowledge transfer
  • Further away from housing estates and retail parks to reduce sound, air and visual pollution
• Primary Sector - raw materials. Secondary Sector - manufacturing. Tertiary Sector - services. Quaternary Sector - knowledge.