Classification

• What is Classification?

  Grouping organisms together based on their similarities or homologies.
• Carl Linnaeus is the father of taxonomy and binomial system of naming organisms. The binomial system is a system of naming organisms that uses two names, one for the genus and one for the species.
• A species is a group of very similar organisms that can successfully interbreed with one other to produce furtile offspring.
• The order of the classification system is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
• Kingdom is the largest division. It has all the phyla, classes orders, families and species.
• Taxonomy is the study of classification, involves naming and identification.
• Artificial Classification is based on easily observed characteristics, like colour, shape or number of legs.
• Natural Classification uses natural relationships to group organisms into groups based on shared characteristics.
• Taxon is a category into which related organisms are placed.
• Domains are the two main groups and every single organism falls into either of these group. They are Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes.
• Viruses do not fit within the classification system, they do not have true cellular system and they only showing characteristics when they enter into a living cell.
• Organisms in domain Prokaryotes are unicellular and lack a nucleus.
• Organisms in Domain Eukaryote have a true nucleus and has a nuclear membrane.
• The kingdom in Domain Prokaryote


  Kingdom Prokaryotae
• The kingdoms in Domain Eukaryotes

  Fungi

  Animalia

  Plantae

  Protoctista
• The Kingdom Prokaryotae (Prokaryotes) includes bacteria. The characteristics of:

  Unicellular

  No nucleus

  Prokaryotic

  Saprophytic or Parasitic
• Kingdom Protoctista (Eukaryotes)- Simples organisms which lives in the water. They have true nucleus and has no cell wall.
• Kingdom Fungi (Eukaryotes)- fungi do not have chlorophyll for photosynthesis. Feed saprophytically on organic materials or feed off organism. The characteristics are:

  No chlorophyll,

  Feed saprophytically or parasitically

  has cell walls

  Multicellular
• Saprophytic nutrition involves organisms feeding on dead and decaying organisms. Saprophytes secrete enzymes that digest these dead materials which they then absorb after it has been digested.
• Kingdom Plantae (Eukaryotes)- All Plants.

  The characteristics:

  Autotrophic

  Use chlorophyll.

  Cell walls made of cellulose.
• Kingdom Animalia (Eukaryote)- All animal. The characteristics:

  do not have chlorophyll

  Able to move from place to place

  Not able to make their own food

  No cell wall

  Multicellular
• The Phyla in the Kingdom Animalia are

  Phylum Porifera

  Phylum Cnidaria

  Phylum Annelida

  Phylum Arthropoda

  Phylum Echinodermata

  Phylum Mollusca

  Phylum Chordata
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Porifera


  Water sponges, they are stationary, has no mouth or digestive system and has a system of water chambers and channels.
• Eukaryotes, Animalia, Cnidaria


  Animals made of only two layers of cells. They have one opening and a ring of tentacles with a mouth in its center.
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Annelida 


  Worm with bodies made up of ring like segments. Most live in water. The characteristics are

  No legs

  Animal with bodies made up of ring like structures

  Have chaetae
• A chaetae is a bristle made of chitin.
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Arthropoda

  Animals with several pairs jointed legs but no backbone. They have waterproof exoskeleton. The largest group of organisms.
• The classes in Phylum Arthropoda

  Class Crustacea

  Class Arachnida

  Class Insecta

  Class Diplopoda

  Class Chilopods
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Arthropoda, Crustacea


  Includes crabs, lobsters and woodlice. Breathe through gills.

  Characteristics:

  Arthropods with more than 4 pairs of jointed legs

  Breathe through gills
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Arthropoda, Arachnida


  Spiders, ticks and scorpions

  Characteristics:

  Arthropods with exactly 4 pairs of jointed legs

  Breathe through book lungs
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Arthropoda, Insecta

  Characteristics:

  Arthropods with 3 pairs of jointed legs

  Two pairs of wings

  Breathe through tracheae.
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Arthropoda, Diplopoda

  Millipedes

  Characteristics:

  Body consisting of many segments

  Each segment has two pairs of legs
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Arthropoda, Chilopoda

  Centipedes

  Characteristics:

  Body has many segments

  Each segment only has one pair of legs

  Front segment has a large pair of poison claws
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Arthropoda, Echinodermata

  Includes the starfish, sea urchins and sand dollars.

  Characteristics:

  Five segment radial symmetry

  Body wall consisting of calcareous particles.

  Many have shell with projecting spines
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Mollusca


  Snails, Squids and Octopuses

  Characteristics:

  Unsegmented

  May have a reduced shell
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Chordata, Pisces


  Fishes

  Characteristics:

  Vertebrates with scaly skin

  Have gills and fins
• Eukaryotes, Animalia, Chordata, Amphibia


  Characteristics:

  Vertebrates with moist, scale-less skin

  Eggs are laid in water

  Young amphibians have gills

  Adults live on land so have lungs
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Chordata, Reptilia


  Includes the crocodiles, snakes and lizard

  characteristics:

  Vertebrates with scaly skin

  Produces eggs with rubbery shells
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Chordata, Aves


  Includes birds

  Characteristics:

  Vertebrates with feathers

  Forelimbs are wings

  Lay eggs that are waterproof

  Have a beak
• Eukaryote, Animalia, Chordata, Mammalia


  Characteristics:

  Vertebrates with hair

  Have a placenta

  Young fed on milk from mammary glands

  Have different types of teeth

  Brain is well developed