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• Religion


  An organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, practices, and worship that centers on one god or more gods
• Hinduism


  • The oldest religion in the world
  • The major religion in India
  • A way of life that is observed in a person's daily life and action
• Vedas


  Hindus' oldest scriptures
• Rig Vedas


  The most important hymns
• Hindu beliefs

  • There is only one universal spirit
  • Every creature has a soul that passes from one body to another after death (Samsara or reincarnation)
  • They believe in Karma
  • Moksha - the state where the soul attains union with the absolute god, Brahma
• Brahma


  The divine being and creator who created the whole universe, he is the god of gods
• Vishnu


  The name assumed by Brahma when he becomes the god of life, known as the preserver, the god who supports and helps people in times of trouble and sufferings
• Shiva


  Known as the destroyer, has many roles in the Hindu religion
• Cows are sacred in Hinduism
• Hindu rituals and celebrations

  • Pilgrimages to Ganges River
  • Holi
  • Diwali
• Om


  The most sacred syllable for the Hindus, representing Earth, atmosphere, and heaven
• Buddhism

  • A faith founded by Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha") more than 2,500 years ago in India
  • One of the major world religions with about 470 million followers
  • Its practice has historically been most prominent in East and Southeast Asia, but its influence is growing in the West
• Siddhartha Gautama

  The founder of Buddhism who later became known as "the Buddha"
• Siddhartha Gautama was born into a wealthy family as a prince in present-day Nepal
• Siddhartha Gautama gave up his lavish lifestyle and endured poverty, then promoted the idea of the "Middle Way"
• Buddhists believe Gautama found enlightenment while meditating under a Bodhi tree
• The Four Noble Truths


  • All human life is full of suffering and sorrow
  • Suffering and sorrow are caused by man's greedy desire for pleasure and material things
  • By renouncing desire, a person is freed from having to be born again
  • Renunciation of desire and attainment of Nirvana may be gained by following the middle way
• The Eightfold Path


  • Right view
  • Right intention
  • Right speech
  • Right action
  • Right living
  • Right effort
  • Right mindfulness
  • Right concentration
• Tools


  Made of stones
• Important achievements in human history

  • Use of fire
  • Growth of language
• Technology


  A group's skill in using tools
• Tools made man's survival easier
• Evolution


  A natural process that occurs over the course of many thousand of years
• Aspects of human evolution

  • Biological
  • Physical
  • Mental attributes
• Bipedalism


  • Key elements of humanity's evolution
  • The ability to move by means of two legs or feet
• Anthropology


  The science that deals with the origins, physical and cultural development, biological characteristics, and social customs and beliefs of humankind
• Anthropologist


  A person engaged in the practice of anthropology
• Archaeology


  The study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains
• Archaeologist


  A person who studies human history and prehistory through the excavation of sites and the analysis of artifacts and other physical remains

  
• Archaeological dig


  The exposure, processing and recording of archaeological remains
• Artifacts


  An object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest
• Types of fossils


  • Human fossils
  • Animal fossils

  
• Archaeology and Anthropology


  Both disciplines of Social science and study of human societies. The main difference is that archaeology is the study of past civilizations while anthropology is the study of both contemporary cultures and their historical origins
• Ardipithecus ramidus


  Oldest hominid species, lived around 4.4 million years ago
• Australopithecus africanus


  Lived around 3.9 to 2.9 million years ago, had apelike and humanlike features
• Australopithecus afarencis


  Similar to Australopithecus africanus, had ability to climb, apelike feature
• Homo habilis


  Discovered between 1960 to 1963, 2.4 to 1.5 million years ago, had apelike and humanlike features, first to make tools for hunting

  
• Homo erectus


  First species to have modern humanlike features, first hominid to control and use fire
• Homo neanderthalensis


  One of the earliest human fossils, 400,000 years ago, found in Europe to Central Asia
• Denisovan


  Discovered in 2008, 40,000 years old, oldest ancestors of modern Asian people