Pre-Finals

• Pulchritude - physical beauty (especially of a woman)
• Tractable - capable of being easily led, taught, or controlled
• Writhing - to twist from or as if from pain or struggling
• Hapless - having no luck : unfortunate
• Modicum - a small quantity of a particular thing, especially something considered desirable or valuable.
• World Literature - means writing that circulates widely beyond the borders of its country of origin.
• Two Literary Giants

  1. Rabindranath Tagore - bengali poet, first non-european to win a nobel prize.

  Notable Works: Jana Gana Mana (National anthem of India) Anthem of Bangladesh, Gitanjali (song of offerings), Ghare baire (novel)

  2. William Shakespeare - english playwright, actor, and poet. Father of Modern English. Bard of Avon

  Notable Works: 2 Narrative Poems, 154 Sonnets, and 37 Plays. (comedy, tragedy, historical)
• Chinese Literary Writers

  • Confucius - a chinese philosopher known for his teachings and philosophy named Confucianism which concerns moral behavior and self-control.
• Chinese Literary Writers

  • Mencius - gathered the discourses and sayings of Confucius and organized it into books which is the Analects.
• Chinese Literary Writers

  • Li-Po - the themes of his poems are sorrow, relief, appreciation of nature, and mysteries of life.
• Chinese literature - refers to the literature coming from China which is known for its yellow river civilization and mandarin as primary language
• Main Principle of Confucianism

  • Ren (Benevolence)
  • Li (Propriety)
  • Zhong (loyalty to one’s true nature)
  • Shu (reciprocity)
  • Xiao (filial piety)
• Confucian Canon Five Classics

  1. Shu Ching (Classic of History)
  2. Shih Ching (Classic of Odes)
  3. I Ching (Classic of Changes)
  4. Ch’un Ching (Spring and Autumn Annals)
  5. Li Ching (Classic of Rites)
• Four Books

  1. Lun Yu (Analects) of Confucius
  2. Chung Yung (doctrine of mean)
  3. Ta Hsueh (great learning)
  4. Meng Tzu (Mencius, a Confucian Philosopher)
• Four Types of Vedas

  1. Rig Veda - Anthology of 1028 hymns to various gods
  2. Sama Veda (Book of Chants) - consists of liturgies
  3. Yajur Veda (Prayer book) - repetition of Rig-Veda but it contains a prose formula
  4. Atharva Veda (Book of Spells) - consists of spells, incantations, and notions
• Mahabharata - Known as the longest epic in the world. The story of Mahabharata is about the battle between two groups of cousins named the Pandavas and the Kauravas to gain supreme power and rule the kingdom. It is also about taking right actions and eliminating evil ones from one's life.
• Ramayana - The Ramayana is an all-popular epic in South and Southeast Asia. It is the story of King Rama who must save his kidnapped wife, Sita. Along the way, it teaches Hindu life lessons.
• Old English Literature (450 - 1066) - The so-called “Dark Ages” Literary works: Beowulf
• Middle English Period (1066 - 1500) - huge transition in the language, culture, and lifestyle of England and results in what we can recognize today as a form of “modern” english

  Literary works: The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer
• English Renaissance (1500 - 1660) - Known for the rise of English theatrical drama, most notable William Shakespeare and Christopher Marlowe. Known as Elizabethan Period.

  Literary works: Works of William Shakespeare such as Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet and Macbeth
• Neo-Classical Period (1600 - 1785) - of, relating to, or constituting a revival or adaptation of the classical especially in literature, music, art, or architecture.

  Literary works: Gulliver’s Travel by Jonathan Swift
• Romantic Period (1785 - 1831) - Romanticism (also known as the Romantic era) was an artistic, literary, musical and intellectual movement that originated in Europe toward the end of the 18th century. Literary works: The Hunchback of Notre Dame and Les Miserables by Victor Hugo. Lyrical Ballads by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• The Victorian Period (1832 - 1901) - The Victorian period is in strong contention with the Romantic period for being the most popular, influential, and prolific period in all of English (and world) literature. Literary works: The man with the hoe by Edwin Markham
• The Modern Period (1914 - onwards) - The modern period traditionally applies to works written after the start of World War I. Common features include bold experimentation with subject matter, style, and form, encompassing narrative, verse, and drama

  Literary works: Ulysses by James Joyce and To the Lighthouse by Virginia Woolf
• • Homer

  Literary Writing: Iliad and Odyssey

  The Iliad, a tale of war, describes the feats of individual heroes and the gods on both sides of the conflict. The Odyssey tells of one hero's adventures as he and his men try to return home after the war has ended. The forces that opposed them include one-eyed monsters and a sorceress who turns men into pigs
• • Virgil

  Literary Writing: Aeneid

  The Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil is an epic poem in 12 books that tells the story of the foundation of Rome from the ashes of Troy. It was probably written down in Rome from 30-19 BC during the period of the Emperor Augustus.
• • Dante Alighieri

  Literary Writing: Divine Comedy

  a man, generally assumed to be Dante himself, is miraculously enabled to undertake an ultramundane journey, which leads him to visit the souls in Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise
• • Giovanni Boccaccio

  Literary Writing: Tales of Decameron

  Decameron is a collection of 100 tales by Giovanni Boccaccio, set during the Black Death. It showcases the resilience of humanity and provides timeless lessons on love, wit, and the power of storytelling.
• • Giovanni Boccaccio

  Literary Writing: Federigo’s Falcon

  The story of Federigo Falcon follows a nobleman named Federigo degli Alberighi, who is deeply in love with a woman named Monna Giovanna. Despite his feelings for her, Federigo is unable to win her heart due to his poverty, as he has squandered his wealth on extravagant gifts and entertainment in the past.
• Victor Hugo

  Literary Writing: Hunchback of Notre Dame

  A story that talks about the journey of a hunchback who finds real love despite his physical appearance and social discrimination to him Literary Writing: Les Misérables Les Misérables is a French novel by Victor Hugo that criticizes how society treats members of lower social classes. It is about a man named Jean Valjean who goes to prison for stealing bread. Another major character is Fantine, who is shunned because she has a daughter outside of marriage.
• Leo Tolstoy

  Literary Writing: Anna Karenina The narrative centres on the adulterous affair between Anna, wife of Aleksey Karenin, and Count Vronsky, a young bachelor. Karenin's discovery of the liaison arouses only his concern for his own public image. Anna promises discretion for the sake of her husband and young son but eventually becomes pregnant by Vronsky.
• • Leo Tolstoy

  Literary Writing: Where Love Is, There God Is Also Where Love is There God is Also, often translated simply as Where Love is, God is, or even Martin the Cobbler, is a short story by the famous Russian author Leo Tolstoy. The title is a nod to the Catholic hymn Ubi Caritas.
• Global South

  Countries that belong are:

  • war torn areas
  • Former colonies like asia, latin america and africa
  • Face challenges such as mass poverty, human and civil rights abuses, environmental degradation and political instabilities
• Latin-American Authors

  1. Junot Diaz - A pulitzer prize recipient for his novel “The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao,”
  2. Gabriel Garcia Marquez - Colombian novelist and one of the greatest writers of the 20th century