Gen Bio L2

• Vascular plants


  • Have Xylem and Phloem (transport food and water)
• Non-vascular plants


  • Don't have Xylem and Phloem
• Plants that don't grow seeds

  • Bryophytes (Moss)
  • Pteridophytes (Ferns)
• Bryophytes (Moss)


  • Non vascular
  • No seeds
  • No leaves and stems
• Pteridophytes (Ferns)


  • Vascular
  • No seeds
  • Have leaves and stems
• Plants that grow seeds

  • Gymnosperms
  • Angiosperms
• Gymnosperms


  • Vascular
  • Seeds
  • Leaves and stems
  • No flowers
• Angiosperms


  • Vascular
  • Seeds
  • Leaves and stems
  • Flower
• Life cycle of Bryophytes

  1. Gametophyte Stage (Gametes)

  2. Sporophyte Stage (Spores)
• Gametophyte Stage


  • Most dominant stage
  • Presence of male and female gametophytes
  • Gametophytes produce reproductive cells that undergo fertilization
  • Fertilized egg becomes zygote which develops into sporophyte
• Sporophyte Stage


  • Mother cell in sporophyte's capsule undergoes meiosis to produce spores
  • Mature spores are released to germinate into protonema
  • Protonema gives rise to male and female gametophytes
• Life Cycle of Bryophytes/Moss

  1. Gametophyte stage: Male and female gametophytes release sperm and egg, sperm fertilizes egg to form embryo

  2. Sporophyte stage: Sporophyte grows from gametophyte and releases spores, spores germinate into gametophytes
• Reproduction in Vascular Plants

  • Consist of ferns and fern allies
  • Produces spores found in sori under leaves
  • Undergoes gametophyte and sporophyte stages
  • Sporophytic generation is more dominant
• Flowering Plants


  • Also called angiosperms
  • Vascular seed plants where ovule (egg) is fertilized and develops into seed in enclosed ovary
• Reproduction in plants


  • Asexual reproduction
  • Sexual reproduction
• Asexual Reproduction in Plants

  • Runners/Stolons
  • Suckers
  • Rhizomes
  • Corms, Bulbs, Tubers
• Tissue Culture


  Controlled in laboratories
• Sexual Reproduction in Plants


  • Common in angiosperms (flowering plants)
  • Gymnosperms like pine produce cones with sperm and egg cells
• Essential parts of a flower

  • Pistil
  • Stamen
  • Sepals
  • Petals

  
• Alteration of generation in higher plants


  • Sporophyte - most dominant generation
  • Gametophyte - pollen and ovule
• Pollination


  Transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a flower
• Types of Pollination

  • Self-Pollination
  • Cross Pollination
• Antheridium - male reproductive organ Archegonium - female reproductive organ
• Runner/Stolons

  • Long, slender stem that grow along the surface of the soil

  Ex. gabi, strawberries, water lily
• Suckers

  • Are roots that could give rise to new plants.

  Ex. bamboos, bananas, cherries
• Rhizomes

  • Underground horizontal stems that are modified for storage and reproduction.

  Ex. grasses, ginger, sedges
• Corms, Bulbs, Tubers

  • Vertical underground stems also for storage and of food and reproduction 

  Ex. tulips, garlic, potato
• Pistil

  • Female reproductive organ that produces egg cells
• Stamen


  Male reproductive organ that produces sperm cells
• Self-Pollination

  • Pollen lands on the stigma of a flower coming from the same plants.
• Cross Pollination

  • Pollen lands on the stigma of a flower coming from a different plant.