determinism

• Determinism-belief behaviour is controlled by internal or external factors, beyond an individual’s control.
• hard determinism= The view that all behaviour can be predicted, according to the action of internal and external forces beyond our control, and so there can be no free will. 
• example of hard determinsim=behaviourism suggests that all behaviour is the product of classical and operant conditioning, the biological approach sees behaviour as the product of genes and neurochemistry.
• soft determinism=version of determinism that allows for some element of free will and suggests that all events, including human behaviour, has a cause.
• example of soft determinism= , the cognitive approach suggests that individuals can reason and make decisions within the limits of their cognitive system. 
• Biological determinism

  -       behaviour is always caused by internal biological forces beyond our control
• example of biological determinism= schizophrenia being caused by excess dopamine in the brain synapses
• example of biological determinism=  genes which affect brain structure and neurotransmitter production (i.e., serotonin and dopamine) may also determine our behaviour e.g. the CDH-13 and MAOA gene being candidate genes for criminality. 
• environmental determinism= The belief that behaviour is caused by previous experience through classical and operant conditioning- stimulus response connections
• example of environmental determinsim= phobias are a result of operant conditioning, as demonstrated by Watson’s study on Little Albert and Skinner’s Box 
• psychic determinsim=  Freud’s theory of personality suggests that adult behaviour is determined by a mix of innate drives and early experience. These result in unconscious conflicts over which we have no control. 
• example of psychic determinism= Freud’s psychosexual stages of development suggests that each stage is characterised by a conflict which, if unresolved, leads to fixation in adulthood e.g., anal expulsive personalities being the result of fixation at the anal stage.