Early Childhood

• Important aspect of developing self-concept, it is the awareness of one’s gender and all it implies in one’s society of origin


  gender identity
• are psychological or behavioral differences between males and females

  sex differences
• Gender Differences in Development during Early childhood

  • Mathematical Skills: Boys and girls do equally well
  • Verbal Advantage: Girls have more verbal advantage across different cultures.
• are the behaviors, interests, attitudes, skills, and personality traits that a CULTURE CONSIDERS APPROPRIATE for males or females.

  gender roles
• Socialization process and Acquisition of gender role that takes place during early childhood

  Gender typing
• Preconceived generalizations about male or female role behavior.

  Gender Stereotype
• Gender stereotype increase during the preschool years, and reach a peak at age 5
• Occurs in girls who have high prenatal levels of androgens. The effects leads to girls showing w preferences for boys’ toys, rough play, and male playmates, as well as strong spatial skills

  congenital adrenal hyperplasia
• a feeling of psychological distress occurring when there is a mismatch between a person’s gender identity and biological sex

  gender dysphoria
• Cognitive level of play refers to simplest level which consists of repeated practice in large muscular movements, such as rolling a ball.

  Functional or Locomotor Play
• Cognitive levels of play where children uses objects or materials to make something, such as a house of blocks or a crayon drawing

  Constructive or Object Play
• Cognitive levels of play that involves imaginary objects, actions, or roles.

  Dramatic Play
• Cognitive levels of play where school age children joins organized games with known procedures and penalties, such as foursquare and freeze tag


  Formal games with rules
• social dimensions of play where the child does not seem to be playing but watches anything of momentary interest

  Unoccupied behavior
• social dimensions of play where the child spends most of the time watching other children play. The onlooker may talk to them but does not enter into the play

  Onlooker behavior
• social dimension of play where the child plays alone with toys that are different from those used by nearby children and makes no effort to get close to the other children.

  Solitary independent play
• social dimensions of play the child plays independently beside rather than with the other children, playing with similar toys, and does not try to influence the other children’s play.

  Parallel play
• social dimension of play where the child plays with other children. All the children play similarly, but there is no organization around a goal. Each child is interested more in being with the other children than in the activity itself.

  Associative play
• social dimensions of play wherein child plays in a group organized for some goal—to make something, play a formal game, or dramatize a situation. By a division of labor, children take on different roles.

  Cooperative or organized supplementary play
• harshest forms of parenting, Use of PHYSICAL FORCE with the intention of CAUSING PAIN, but not injury, so as to correct or control behavior

  CORPORAL PUNISHMENT
• A form of disciplinary technique designed to encourage desirable behavior or discourage undesirable behavior by setting limits, demonstrating logical consequences of an action. This said to be the MOST EFFECTIVE method

  Inductive technique
• a style of parenting that emphasizes control and unquestioning obedience.

  authoritarian parenting
• style of parenting that emphasizes self-expression and self-regulation. Parents are warm, noncontrolling, and undemanding

  Permissive Parenting
• style of parenting that emphasizes child’s individuality but also stresses limits.

  Authoritative Parenting