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Cards (70)
Anterior
To the
front
, in
front
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Posterior
To the
rear
or back,
behind
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Medial
Towards the
midline
or
axis
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Lateral
Away from the
midline
or
axis
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Proximal
Near the
root
or origin (
proximal
of arm = shoulder)
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Distal
Away from the
root
or
origin
(distal of arm = hand)
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Superior
Above
(towards the head)
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Inferior
Below
(towards the feet)
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Radius
Proximal
to
humerus
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Femur
Superior to
tibia
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Metatarsals
Inferior
to patella
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Sternum is
15
anterior to vertebrae
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Types of Bones
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
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Long
bones
Longer
than wide
Have a shaft made primarily of
compact
bone
Ends often contain
spongy
bone
Act as
levers
to create
movement
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Short
bones
Approximately
same length
and
width
Cube-like
appearance
Consist mostly of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of
compact
bone
Used for
weight bearing
and
fine small movements
Provide
stability
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Flat
bones
Thin,
flat
, and slightly
curved
Have a
large
surface area
Some have
36
pair bones
Protect
vital organs
Attach
muscles
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Irregular
bones
Irregular
shapes
Contain
spongy
bone covered by a thin layer of
compact
bone
Provide
protection
and attachment for
muscles
, support movement
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Sesamoid
bones
Subcategory of short bones within tendons
Reduce friction between
joints
Additional bones can sometimes form on the
tarsals
, metatarsals or
incus
bones
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Divisions of the Skeletal System
Axial
Appendicular
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Axial
Skeleton
80 bones
Along the long axis of the body
Core of the skeleton
Protects
vital organs
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Appendicular
Skeleton
126
bones
Upper
and
lower
limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
Function is
locomotion
(walking, running)
Provide
support
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Regions
of the Vertebral Column
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
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Cervical
vertebrae
Allow the neck to
move
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Thoracic vertebrae
In the chest region,
mid spine
, articulate with the
ribs
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Lumbar
vertebrae
In the lower back, support most
weight
, attach
muscles
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Sacrum
Fused vertebrae that form the
sacrum
, part of the
pelvic
girdle
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Coccyx
Fused vertebrae
that form the coccyx
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Postural
deviations
Neutral
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
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Neutral posture
Good posture, 3 natural curves, vertical when viewed from the
anterior
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Kyphosis
Increased
forward
curvature of the
upper
spine (hunchback)
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Scoliosis
Abnormal curvature of the spine from
left
to
right
, creating an 'S' shape
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Ossification
1. Process in which bones are formed
2.
Osteoclasts
remove bone
3.
Osteoblasts
bring calcium to the bone
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Exercise
Increases
osteoblasts
, making bones
stronger
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Epiphysis
The ends of each bone that contain
growing
areas, allowing
long
bones to extend
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Diaphysis
The shaft of a long bone that fuses with the
epiphysis
once fully formed
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Functions
of the Skeletal System
Support
Protection
Attachment
Source of
blood cell production
Storage of
minerals
Leverage
Weight bearing
Reducing
joint friction
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Classifications of Joints
Fixed
Slightly moveable
Synovial
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Fixed
joints
Immovable
,
bones are fused together
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Slightly
moveable joints
Bones
are separated by pads of
fibrocartilage
, allowing slight movement
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Synovial
joints
Freely moveable,
high mobility
, have a distinctive structure with a
synovial
cavity
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