skeletal

    Cards (70)

    • Anterior
      To the front, in front
    • Posterior
      To the rear or back, behind
    • Medial
      Towards the midline or axis
    • Lateral
      Away from the midline or axis
    • Proximal
      Near the root or origin (proximal of arm = shoulder)
    • Distal
      Away from the root or origin (distal of arm = hand)
    • Superior
      Above (towards the head)
    • Inferior
      Below (towards the feet)
    • Radius
      Proximal to humerus
    • Femur
      Superior to tibia
    • Metatarsals
      Inferior to patella
    • Sternum is 15 anterior to vertebrae
    • Types of Bones
      • Long
      • Short
      • Flat
      • Irregular
    • Long bones

      • Longer than wide
      • Have a shaft made primarily of compact bone
      • Ends often contain spongy bone
      • Act as levers to create movement
    • Short bones

      • Approximately same length and width
      • Cube-like appearance
      • Consist mostly of spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
      • Used for weight bearing and fine small movements
      • Provide stability
    • Flat bones

      • Thin, flat, and slightly curved
      • Have a large surface area
      • Some have 36 pair bones
      • Protect vital organs
      • Attach muscles
    • Irregular bones

      • Irregular shapes
      • Contain spongy bone covered by a thin layer of compact bone
      • Provide protection and attachment for muscles, support movement
    • Sesamoid bones

      • Subcategory of short bones within tendons
      • Reduce friction between joints
      • Additional bones can sometimes form on the tarsals, metatarsals or incus bones
    • Divisions of the Skeletal System
      • Axial
      • Appendicular
    • Axial Skeleton

      • 80 bones
      • Along the long axis of the body
      • Core of the skeleton
      • Protects vital organs
    • Appendicular Skeleton

      • 126 bones
      • Upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle
      • Function is locomotion (walking, running)
      • Provide support
    • Regions of the Vertebral Column

      • Cervical
      • Thoracic
      • Lumbar
      • Sacrum
      • Coccyx
    • Cervical vertebrae

      • Allow the neck to move
    • Thoracic vertebrae
      • In the chest region, mid spine, articulate with the ribs
    • Lumbar vertebrae

      • In the lower back, support most weight, attach muscles
    • Sacrum
      • Fused vertebrae that form the sacrum, part of the pelvic girdle
    • Coccyx
      • Fused vertebrae that form the coccyx
    • Postural deviations

      • Neutral
      • Kyphosis
      • Scoliosis
    • Neutral posture
      Good posture, 3 natural curves, vertical when viewed from the anterior
    • Kyphosis
      Increased forward curvature of the upper spine (hunchback)
    • Scoliosis
      Abnormal curvature of the spine from left to right, creating an 'S' shape
    • Ossification
      1. Process in which bones are formed
      2. Osteoclasts remove bone
      3. Osteoblasts bring calcium to the bone
    • Exercise
      Increases osteoblasts, making bones stronger
    • Epiphysis
      The ends of each bone that contain growing areas, allowing long bones to extend
    • Diaphysis
      The shaft of a long bone that fuses with the epiphysis once fully formed
    • Functions of the Skeletal System

      • Support
      • Protection
      • Attachment
      • Source of blood cell production
      • Storage of minerals
      • Leverage
      • Weight bearing
      • Reducing joint friction
    • Classifications of Joints
      • Fixed
      • Slightly moveable
      • Synovial
    • Fixed joints

      • Immovable, bones are fused together
    • Slightly moveable joints

      • Bones are separated by pads of fibrocartilage, allowing slight movement
    • Synovial joints

      • Freely moveable, high mobility, have a distinctive structure with a synovial cavity