SS1D chap 7

• Development


  State or condition of changing & enhancing something
• Oxford


  A process & an event constituting a new stage in a changing situation
• Bellu, 2011 - Development of the other parts of the system could be detrimental to the development of the other thus creating structural & systemic conflicts
• Maldevelopment


  Condition where developing & less developed countries suffer on the downside effects of development & changes
• 4 Dimensions of Development (Food & Agricultural Org)


  • Economic Development
  • Growth
  • Sen, 1999 - Expansion of capacities that contribute to the advancement of society through the realization of individuals, firms
• Economic Development


  • Focused on qualitative aspects of change
• Growth


  Easily quantified & measured like the increase of production in labor, machineries, & capital
• Sen, 1999 - Expansion of capacities that contribute to the advancement of society


  • The more individuals involved in the operation of the economy, the higher the level of expected development
  • Requires altering some fundamental economic structures, increasing the occupational capacities of the population
• 3 Dimensions of Human Development


  • Long & healthy life
  • Knowledge
  • Decent standard of living
• Indicators


  • Life expectancy at birth
  • Expected & mean years of schooling
  • Gross National Income (GNI)
• Human Development Index (HDI)


  Created to emphasize that economic growth should be used as criterion in assessing the development of a country
• Poverty has become a major challenge to government
• Sustainable Development


  Meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs (Bruntland Commission formerly known as World Commission on Environment & Development)
• 6 Definitions of Sustainable Development (Streeten, 1991 & Goutlet, 2000)


  • The maintenance & replacement of capital assets
  • Maintaining the environmental conditions for the benefit of all
  • Resiliency or the ability to adjust & cope with the changes & crises
  • The avoidance of internal & external in the future
  • Fiscal & political sustainability
  • The ability to hand over the programs & projects to the decision & control of the citizens
• Territorial Development


  • Focuses on the interrelationship of human activities between rural & urban areas
  • Includes production, distribution, & consumption of goods & services
  • Composed of clusters that linked activities & structures
• • Critical to this development is how clusters & agencies respond to the challenges of resource scarcity which are then interlinked to problems
  • Operates on both national and transnational scope
• Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)


  • Established as part on the success of the Millennium Development Goals of 2015
  • Expected to mobilize all efforts to end the global problem of poverty, solve inequality, & address impacts of climate change
  • 17 goals is built on the mantra "leaving no one behind"
• Global South


  • Has a geographical connotation described as largely equivalent, but not identical with 3rd World
  • Does not refer to countries outside US & Europe, Australia & New Zealand do not belong to the "South"
  • Refers to countries that are excluded if not deprived from socioeconomic prominence & reputation
• Asian Countries


  Combination of emerging & developing economies with the exception of Singapore
• West Asian Countries


  Confined in a costly conflict involving territorial insecurity, peace, & order
• Latin & Caribbean Countries


  Described as countries that have experienced "lost development"
• Global North

  Described as highly industrialized, developed, & most advanced economies in the world
• Causes of Global Divide


  • Globalization in the 1990s - the economic intensification observed in the 90s fueled countries to establish boundaries
  • Uneven Migration - the pattern of migration in the last 3 decades saw an unprecedented rise of migrant workers & citizens seeking greener opportunities
  • The Hegemonic Nature of International Economic Relations - the global problem of poverty & inequality are outcomes of the evil practices of western countries