Paper 2 The media (missing half)

• Traditional media


  Convey info one way, non interactive formula mostly non-digital. Homogenous

  BBC1+2 and ITV
• New media


  Interactive screen based digital tech which distributes media

  Film and Media
• How many people buy newspapers a day

  7.5 million
• Bauman


  During 30 years more info produced in the world than the last 5000 years
• Law of libel


  Untrue statement which might bring person into contempt dislike ridicule or hostility in society
• Official secrets act


  Criminal offense to report classified government activity which government define as 'official secret' without authorisation.
• DSMA notices


  Defence and security media advisory notices, issued to journalists by gov so they don't report defence and counter terrorist info could be damaging to national security
• Racial and religious hatred act 2006 and equality act 2010


  Forbid expressions and opinions which encourage hatred and discrimination.
• Obscene publications act


  Forbid publication of anything a court considers obscene and corrupt people who read it.
• Contempt of court


  Forbid reporting and expression of opinion or publication of material about cases which are in process of being dealt with.
• Ofcom


  Regulator covers TV radio telecommunications and internet.

  Ensure broad appeal

  Protect public from offensive affect of media.
• IPSO


  Independent regulator for newspaper and magazine

  Leveson enquiry looked at practice ethics and culture of press

  Monitor and maintain standards of journalism

  However, criticised for not holding journalists accountable
• BBC aims, roles and financing


  Aim - Inform educate and entertain

  Roles - Provide high quality news coverage to international audiences

  Financing - Licence fee, income
• Government influence


  Gov shows position on issues in press conference

  Official party line in media

  Leak info and hold off briefings with journalists

  Preferential treatment to journalists
• Spin doctors bury news by....


  Releasing other news present gov in bad light same time

  Releasing when media is distracted by more sensational story

  Releasing during holidays
• Bagdikian


  Conc of media ownership, handful of companies dominate world mass media 'lords of global village
• National UK press stats


  86% of national and sunday newspapers owned by 4 companies

  50% owned by 2 companies

  32% owned by Rupert Murdoch
• Issue of influence and power


  Companies interested in making profit to pursue particular political agendas
• Changes in concentration


  Conc of ownership is changing all the time, companies merge and others take over to provide stronger financial base for competition.
• Vertical integration


  One company owns several stages of production, measure conc of ownership

  E.g. film company owns cinema chains showing film
• Horizonal integration


  Cross media ownership

  Different range of media e.g. newspapers, publishing and films, apps, media software
• Conglomeration and diversification


  Media companies are part of larger conglomerates which have interests across different media platforms and outside of the media.

  E.g. virgin (own trains, media, phones, airlines)
• Synergy


  When media companies produce and sell product in variety of forms through media conglomerates to enhance sales.

  E.g. book turn into film turn into video game
• Technological convergence


  Maximise sales by promoting and make available in other forms, accessed on single device.
• Democracy and power


  US is an example of high conc ownership with 5 firms owning most media
• Neo-marxism


  Developed and challenged aspects of traditional Marxism as overly deterministic and emphasising class conflict
• Gramsci


  Hegemony (one class over others) emphasis on ideology maintain ruling class ideology
• Ideology


  Media promote preferred readings to manufacture a consensus as to what is reasonable and unreasonable.
• Manipulative/instrumental approach


  Traditional Marxist view that media owners interfere and manipulate news. Assume mass audience is passive
• AO3 of manipulative approach


  -Media companies interested in making profit

  -Ofcom is one sided and biased, anti-monopoly legislation preventing companies from having too much power

  - Audiences not as easily manipulated

  - Rise in citizen journalists
• Dominant/hegemonic approach


  (Neo Marxist) media reflects ruling class ideologies, wider range of views to allude idea of choice, fairly passive audience
• AO3 hegemonic approach


  -Underestimates power and influence of owners

  - Sun editor David Yelland states editors 'go on a journey where they end up thinking what would Murdoch think)

  - Agenda setting and gatekeeping mean audiences have little control over content, newspapers and TV produced.
• Pluralist approach


  Control over media is audience tastes, media have to be responsive, power spread no monopoly, driven by profit.
• AO3 pluralist approach


  - Media managers sacked when they don't share owners views.

  - Powerful interest groups influence journalists

  - Have to be wealthy to start media company

  - Pressure to attract audiences does not increase choice, news turn into 'infotainment' as media attract large audiences

  - Tabloidization = Occur when serious news reporting has declined. Gossip

  - Media constructed, created and continually reinforce audience taste. What audience want is what media wants

  - Social media becoming more censored
• Neophiliacs


  People who dislike and get bored with tradition and routine, adapt to new tech
• Popular culture


  Culture found in a large, heterogeneous society that shares certain habits despite differences in other personal characteristics. e.g. soaps
• High culture


  cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite
• AO3 Marxist on popular culture


  - Producers pushed dominant ideology for so long that consumers don't recognise it anymore as audience is passive

  - Audience fed a dumbed down story to distract from serious issues
• Marcuse


  mass culture undermines people's ability to think critically, undermining revolution potential
• Strinati


  Points to wide diversity and choice within popular culture which people select from and respond to