paper 1

• Conservative plate margin


  two tectonic plates slide past eachother
• Constructive plate margin


  where rising magma adds new material to plates that are moving apart and created a new oceanic plate
• Destructive plate margin

  where two plates are coming together
• Epicentre

  the point on the Earths surface where earthquake waves radiate outwards
• Monitoring (of a natural hazard)

  recording physical changes to help forecast when and where a natural disaster may happen
• Planning (of a natural hazard)

  enables communities to respond and recover from natural disasters
• Prediction (of a natural hazard)

  attempts to forecast when and where a natural disaster will happen to warn the communities
• Protection (of a natural hazard)

  actions taken before a natural disaster to reduce its impact
• Global atmospheric circulation

  the worldwide system of winds which transport heat from tropical to polar altitudes
• Mitigation

  action taken to reduce the long term risk to human life and properties from natural disasters
• Consumer

  an animal that eats animal and/or plant matter
• Decomposer

  an organism such as bacterium or fungus that breaks down dead tissue which is recycled to the environment
• Producer


  an organism or plant that can absorb energy from the sun through photosynthesis and then provides nutrition to animals that eat them
• Commercial farming


  farming to sell produce for a profit to retailers or food processing companies
• Leaching


  when rain washes the nutrients and minerals out of the soil making it infertile
• Selective logging


  the cutting down of trees that are older to encourage the growth of the remaining trees
• Substinence farming


  agriculture producing food and materials only for the use of the farmer and their family
• Abrasion


  pebbles grinding over a rocky platform
• Attrition


  erosion caused when rocks and boulders in water bang into eachother and break into smaller pieces
• Corrasion


  fragments of rock are picked up by waves and thrown into the cliff face
• Dune regeneration


  action taken to build up dunes and increase vegetation (marram grass) to strengthen them
• Groyne


  a wooden barrier built into the sea and up the beach to decrease longshore drift
• Hard engineering


  the use of concrete and large artificial structures to defend the land against natural erosion processes
• Sea wall


  a concrete wall which aims to prevent erosion of the coastby providing a barrier
• Soft engineering 


  managing erosion by working with natural processes to help restore beaches and coastal ecosystems
• Wave cut platform


  a rocky shelf at sea level representing the base of old retreated cliffs
• Estuary


  the tidal mouth of a river where it meets the sea
• Interlocking spurs


  a series of ridges/hills projecting out on either side of a valley around a river
• Levees


  an embankment of sediment along the bank of a river can be natural or man-made
• Saltation


  particles/small pebbles bouncing on the river bed
• Solution


  particles dissolved in the water
• Suspension


  small material carried along in the water
• Traction


  rolling boulders along the river bed