ch 9 ap gov review

• Civil Liberties

  Your rights in the Constitution that the government cannot take away (protections from the government)
• Civil Rights


  Protection from being discriminated against based on race, national origin, religion, sex, etc
• The government needs to act to protect individuals
• Public buildings and facilities did not always accommodate individuals with disabilities
• Section 504 of Rehabilitation Act of 1973


  Prohibits discrimination against Americans with disabilities
• Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA)


  No discrimination in employment, buying goods and services, participating in gov programs
• ADA is an all encompassing law, everything has to be accommodated with people with disabilities (in all public spaces)
• Emancipation Proclamation issued during the war, changed the war, aims to end slavery in the US for good
• Civil Rights Amendments


  • 13th Amendment: abolished slavery
  • 14th Amendment: grants citizenship to people born in the US and restricted states from denying due process of law
• Legal segregation: the separation by law of individuals based on race
• Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP challenged legal segregation, with the goal of getting the court to declare segregated education inherently in violation of the 14th amendment
• Brown tried to enroll her daughter into an all-white elementary school because it was closer to her house but she was denied, violating the Equal Protections Clause of the 14th amendment
• Types of segregation


  • De jure segregation: Segregation by law
  • De facto segregation: not required by law, but separation of individuals based on
• Affirmative Action (DEI)


  Tries to solve societal issues by giving more consideration to people of color and gender
• There aren't a lot of women firefighters, so if a woman wants to become a firefighter, the station might give a little more consideration into the woman's desire than the mans because of the lack of women firefighters
• Laws are made in Congress that mandate that everyone gets treated equally
• Martin Luther King preached civil disobedience, which is protest without violence
• African Americans would sit at the bars in diners, even though they weren't allowed to because they had to sit in the back. White people would call the police, but they couldn't do anything about it
• Civil Rights Act of 1964


  Ended segregation, but did not end voting segregation
• Martin Luther King's, "I Have A Dream," speech was to encourage the Senate to pass the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which it did get passed and still exists to this day
• Title 9 of the Civil Rights Act


  Enabled women to play sports beyond cheerleading/women cannot be denied of wanting to play a sport
• Voting Rights Act of 1965


  Prohibits discrimination based on race and color in voting
• 24th amendment


  Ended poll taxing
• The Civil rights movement focused on getting legislation passed because that would mean segregation would end due to the civil rights act of 1964. Since the protection of civil rights is not written in the constitution, african americans protested to pass the civil rights act to end segregation.
• The right to vote for women was achieved by the 19th amendment in 1920
• Equal Rights Amendment


  Proposed amendment to the Constitution that said, "equality of the rights under the law shall not be denied by the United States"
• The Equal Rights Amendment got passed by Congress, but failed to require ¾ of state legislatures to pass
• Title IX (9) of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972


  Schools that are federally funded cannot deny any sex/gender to play a sport; must have sports that both girls and boys can play AND there must be an equal number of girl and boy sports
• Strict scrutiny


  A gov has to show a "compelling interest" to justify unequal treatment
• Rational basis standard


  Differential treatment must be shown to be reasonable and not arbitrary (based on random choice)
• 14th Amendment


  Whoever is born in the country is given U.S citizenship. Consists of the Equal Protection Clause and Due Process Clause
• Due Process


  The government must act fairly and in accord with established rules at all times
• Equal Protections


  Citizens are protected equally under the law