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Environmental Final
Exam 1 Material
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strong acid
weak acid
pH
decreases
strong base
weak base
pH increases
cholera
-
vibrio cholerae
-
restricted
largely to the developing world
- gram negative,
rod
shaped
proteobacterium
- contaminated
water
,
shellfish
- infects
small intestine
causing fluid loss of up to
20
L per day
legionella pneumophila
-
opportunistic
pathogen
- form of
respiratory
pneumonia
-
prefers
warm
water
, such as HVAC cooling towers
-
spreads
through
inhalation
of
aerosols
opportunistic pathogens
organism that does
not
normally
cause
infections
and may be ubiquitous but can
infect
compromised
immune
system
giardia
- only
5
-
10
% of infected people show symptoms but can still spread the
cysts
- resistant to
chlorine
- effectively removed by
filtration
-
flagellated
protozoan
- transmitted through
wildlife
- exists as
infected
cysts
cryptosporidum parvum
- forms highly resistant
oocysts
- greatest
chlorine
tolerance
- removed by
filtration
or
UV
norovirus
- adenovirus
- viruses
aren't alive
-
susceptibility
to
chlorine disinfection
-
resistant
to
UV
-
filtration
is
effective
-
easily transmitted
through fecal-oral route involving
surface contract
schistosoma
-
blood fluke
-
complex
lifecycle
- involves
snail
and
mammalian
hosts
what temperature is water most dense
4
degrees celsius
protonated equation
pKa
>
pH --> protonated
deprotonated equation
pKa
<
pH --> deprotonated
agriculture water polutanst
-
nitrogen
-
phosphorus
-
salts
alkalinity
reflects the water's ability to resist changes in pH due to the presence of buffering compounds
high alkalinity
- well
buffered
-
useful when
we want to have
stable
chemical
properties
(like during
distribution
)
high alkalinity ______ the pH of water bodies and is _________ to ________
stabilizes
the pH of water bodies and is
beneficial
to
aquatic
ecosystems
particle size distribution
indicates the
percentage
of
particles
of a
certain
size
turbidity
-
quantifies
the
amount
of
suspended
solid
particles
in
water
-
measure
of
light scattering
by
particles
in
water
protons
based on this number the
chemical elements
are defined
electron
-
negatively charged particle
- determine
ions
neutron
- particle with
no
electrical
charge
- determines
isotopes
endocrine disruptors
- arise primarily from
natural
sources of contamination
- can interfere with
hormone
function
- can have
toxicological
effects at low concentration
- compounds that interfere with the
endocrine
system
secondary standards address
-
taste
and
odor
of
water
-
color
-
corrosivity
-
hardness
-
fluoride
for
dental
health
seconday standards
-
not
required
by EPA
- suggested
limits
on
contaminants
with
aesthetic
or distribution problems
- state agencies may make them
mandatory
primary standards
- mandated for the purpose of
protecting
public
health
-
maximum
contaminant
level
(
MCL
)
-
treatment
technique
standard
(
TT
)
maximum contaminant level (MCL)
maximum
allowable concentration
in
treated
water
typically upon exit from
treatment
plant
treatment technique standard (TT)
rather than stating a max
contaminant
level some standard some standards require a specific
treatment
practice to be used
coagulation
-
addition
of
dissolved
cations
to
neutralize
negative
surface
charge
on
solid
particles
- so they no longer
repel
each other
granular media filters
remove
colloidal
particles
from water by the
colloids
collide
with
media
particles
and
stick
to
them
flocculation
formation of
loose
aggregates
of
destabilized solids
via
mixing
induced
collisions
sedimentation
- water fed into
clarifier
where
flocs
settle
to
the
bottom
to
form
a
sludge
later
- clean water is
withdrawn
from the top
portion
vis effluent launders
- solids continually
scraped
and
collected
into a
discharge
pipe
sludge
then
dewatered
nonpoint source pollution
contamination
as a result of
contaminated rain runoff
or
snowmelt
source point pollution
-
discharge
from a
discrete
point
like pipe or smokestack
-
easier
to regulate treat and control
covalent bond
share
electrons
between two or more atoms
ionic bond
atoms bound by electrostatic attraction between ions of
opposite
charge
metallic bond
bonding
characterized
by a
delocalized
electron
cloud
hydrogen bond
electrostatic attraction between
partially
charged
hydrogen
atoms and an electronegative atom
bioaccumulate
- when a substance becomes
concentrated
in biological tissues and further concentrated as it moves up food chain
-
mercury
aromatic compound
-
organic
compound
-
6
carbon
atoms with alternating
double
and
singe
bonds
organic compound/moleule
contains one or more
carbon
atoms
covalently
bonded to other atoms
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