Exam 1 Material

Cards (78)

  • strong acid
    weak acid
    pH decreases
  • strong base
    weak base
    pH increases
  • cholera
    - vibrio cholerae
    - restricted largely to the developing world
    - gram negative, rod shaped proteobacterium
    - contaminated water, shellfish
    - infects small intestine causing fluid loss of up to 20 L per day
  • legionella pneumophila
    - opportunistic pathogen
    - form of respiratory pneumonia
    - prefers warm water, such as HVAC cooling towers
    - spreads through inhalation of aerosols
  • opportunistic pathogens
    organism that does not normally cause infections and may be ubiquitous but can infect compromised immune system
  • giardia
    - only 5 - 10 % of infected people show symptoms but can still spread the cysts
    - resistant to chlorine
    - effectively removed by filtration
    - flagellated protozoan
    - transmitted through wildlife
    - exists as infected cysts
  • cryptosporidum parvum
    - forms highly resistant oocysts
    - greatest chlorine tolerance
    - removed by filtration or UV
  • norovirus
    - adenovirus
    - viruses aren't alive
    - susceptibility to chlorine disinfection
    - resistant to UV
    - filtration is effective
    - easily transmitted through fecal-oral route involving surface contract
  • schistosoma
    - blood fluke
    - complex lifecycle
    - involves snail and mammalian hosts
  • what temperature is water most dense
    4 degrees celsius
  • protonated equation
    pKa > pH --> protonated
  • deprotonated equation
    pKa < pH --> deprotonated
  • agriculture water polutanst
    - nitrogen
    - phosphorus
    - salts
  • alkalinity
    reflects the water's ability to resist changes in pH due to the presence of buffering compounds
  • high alkalinity
    - well buffered
    - useful when we want to have stable chemical properties
    (like during distribution)
  • high alkalinity ______ the pH of water bodies and is _________ to ________
    stabilizes the pH of water bodies and is beneficial to aquatic ecosystems
  • particle size distribution
    indicates the percentage of particles of a certain size
  • turbidity
    - quantifies the amount of suspended solid particles in water
    - measure of light scattering by particles in water
  • protons
    based on this number the chemical elements are defined
  • electron
    - negatively charged particle
    - determine ions
  • neutron
    - particle with no electrical charge
    - determines isotopes
  • endocrine disruptors
    - arise primarily from natural sources of contamination
    - can interfere with hormone function
    - can have toxicological effects at low concentration
    - compounds that interfere with the endocrine system
  • secondary standards address
    - taste and odor of water
    - color
    - corrosivity
    - hardness
    - fluoride for dental health
  • seconday standards
    - not required by EPA
    - suggested limits on contaminants with aesthetic or distribution problems
    - state agencies may make them mandatory
  • primary standards
    - mandated for the purpose of protecting public health
    - maximum contaminant level (MCL)
    - treatment technique standard (TT)
  • maximum contaminant level (MCL)
    maximum allowable concentration in treated water
    typically upon exit from treatment plant
  • treatment technique standard (TT)
    rather than stating a max contaminant level some standard some standards require a specific treatment practice to be used
  • coagulation
    - addition of dissolved cations to neutralize negative surface charge on solid particles
    - so they no longer repel each other
  • granular media filters
    remove colloidal particles from water by the colloids collide with media particles and stick to them
  • flocculation
    formation of loose aggregates of destabilized solids via mixing induced collisions
  • sedimentation
    - water fed into clarifier where flocs settle to the bottom to form a sludge later
    - clean water is withdrawn from the top portion vis effluent launders
    - solids continually scraped and collected into a discharge pipe sludge then dewatered
  • nonpoint source pollution
    contamination as a result of contaminated rain runoff or snowmelt
  • source point pollution
    - discharge from a discrete point like pipe or smokestack
    - easier to regulate treat and control
  • covalent bond
    share electrons between two or more atoms
  • ionic bond
    atoms bound by electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge
  • metallic bond
    bonding characterized by a delocalized electron cloud
  • hydrogen bond
    electrostatic attraction between partially charged hydrogen atoms and an electronegative atom
  • bioaccumulate
    - when a substance becomes concentrated in biological tissues and further concentrated as it moves up food chain
    - mercury
  • aromatic compound
    - organic compound
    - 6 carbon atoms with alternating double and singe bonds
  • organic compound/moleule
    contains one or more carbon atoms covalently bonded to other atoms