Paper 3 Crime and Deviance missing last 76 cards

• Global = Glenny - 3 zones of production

  Production - Columbia, Afghanistan

  Distribution - Mexico, Balkans

  Consumption - USA, Europe, Japan
• Global = Hobbs and Dunningham

  Crime works as a 'GLOCAL' system - locally based but with global connections.

  The way crime is organised is linked to GLOBALISATION. It increasingly involves individuals acting as a 'hub' around which a loose-knit network forms, often linking legitimate and illegitimate activities. Although these new forms of organisation have global links (e.g. drug smuggling), crime is still rooted in the local context.
• Global = Beck

  Globalisation cause increased insecurity and uncertainty found in late modernity and now live in global risk society

  More movement of people - media exaggerate - toughened border
• Green = BP oil spill

  Environmental crime

  Occurred in the Gulf of Mexico from April to July, 2010. The costs of the spill could eventually reach $40 billion. 50,000 barrels of oil spiled each day for 3 months. Tons of animal and habitat loss.
• Green = Deforestation

  Environmental crime

  1990 - 1 billion acres of forest lost, 60% of disease, wood used for palm oil
• Green = Bhopal gas tragedy


  5000 dead, 25000 long term

  570000 health disorders

  470 million dollars in compensation
• Green = South

  Primary green crime - crime resulting in destruction and degradation of earths resources

  Secondary green crime - Further crime that grows out of flouting rules relating to environment
• Green = Wolf - 4 groups commit green crime

  Individuals - littering and fly tipping

  Private businesses - Breaching health and safety

  States and governments - Santana points out military plays major role in generating environmental destruction (unexploded bombs)

  Organised crime - Illegal dumping of toxic waste, collusion between mafia and private businesses.
• Green = Transgressive approach


  Argue that definition of green crime shouldn't be restricted by written laws, as these change over time and across nations. Green crimes should have a wider definition that considers environmental, social and economic harm
• White collar crime


  Crime by m/c and u/c people in their job e.g. tax evasion
• Green = Marxism and green crime

  Capitalism is criminogenic
• Green = Wolf

  Motivations for green crime are same as normal crime - consumerisation is motivator.
• Green = Beck

  Past environmental disasters have been natural but now they are caused by human activities
• Green = Problems when researching green crime

  Different laws - official stats may not be comparable

  Different definitions - vary between nations and researchers generating problems in measurement, monitoring and reporting

  Difficulties measuring - can be concealed and avoid prosecution

  Use of case studies - Bhopal. BP oil spill, no generalisations
• State = State crime


  Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by or with complicity of state agencies
• State = Examples of state crime

  Torture - UK paid 14mil in compensation to Iraqis tortured by British, Guantanamo bay

  War crimes - Israel Palestine war, Israel deliberately targeting citizens

  State sponsored terrorism - De silva report 2012, murder of Belfast lawyer 1989 British state carrying out serious violations of human rights

  Genocide - Hitler Nazi regime killed 6million Jews, Rwanda genocide 1994, 500000-1mill Tutsi killed by Hutu
• State = Why state crimes serious

  Able to hide crimes, power of state makes large scale crime possible, state is source of law, media focus on state crime in 3rd world countries, hard for foreign to intervene because of state sovereignty.
• State = Schwendinger and Schwendinger

  Human rights involve a wider package of basic social and economic rights.
• State = Kelman and Hamilton obedience model


  Authorisation - making clear individuals act in accordance with policy

  Dehumanisation - Single cultural identity, exclude minority, enable discrimination

  Routinisation - Organise actions so become routine, not moral consequences
• State = Bauman

  Holocaust made possible by obedience model
• State = Swann

  'enclaves of barbarism' - place where state violence is encouraged
• State = Cohen - Neutralisation Theory


  Violent state try and justify by using excuses to show that something shouldn't be a crime:

  - Justify for national security

  - Would do the same

  - Commit worse atrocities if we didn't stop them.
• State = Problems researching state crimes


  - State has control over crime stats

  - State secrecy = no official stats

  - Threats = states use power to prevent or hinder research, no funding and deny access
• Media = Stats

  Murder = 0.0069% of crimes
• Media = Consumer sceptical

  - Crime and deviance is integral part of infotainment

  - Hayward and young = Advertisers turned crime into tools for selling products in consumer market
• Media = Agenda setting


  - media selects what crimes are represented and highlighted

  - Leads to public opinion forming may or may not be accurate

  - Shapes society's response e.g. gov policy
• Media = News values


  Jewkes = through agenda setting, journalists filter what they consider 'newsworthy', dominates media portrayal of crime.
• Media = Backwards law


  Media constructs crime as the opposite versions of reality
• Media = Greer, Greer and Rainer media misrepresent crime in these ways:


  - Over representing sex, drugs and violent crimes

  - Portray property crime as more serious than recorded

  - Exaggerated risk of becoming victims by increases status of white people

  - Emphasise incidents of crime rather than providing understanding.
• Media = Hyperreality of crime


  - Backwards law, agenda setting and news values means media socially constructs a distorted view of crime.

  - Baudrillard = postmodern hyperreality, media doesn't affect reality it creates it.

  - Flattey et al = crime in England and Whales fell between 1995-2010 but 3/4 thought it increased.
• Media = Moral entrepreneurs


  Media acts as society's moral regulator, sets agenda and labels groups as deviant through moral panics.
• Media = Folk devils


  Cohen = individuals or groups pose imagined threat.

  Examples : mods and rockers in 80s, Muslim terrorists.
• Media = Scape goat


  Refer to one wrongly blamed for something
• Media = Moral panic


  Widespread irrational fear that an evil person threatens society.
• Media = Deviancy amplification


  Way media make worse/create deviance they condemn by exaggerated report.
• Media = Moral panic AO3

  McRobbie and Thornton

  Beck

  Hall

  M+T = concept is outdated as now media saturation, consumer gets news from multiple global media services, public more sceptical as there is diversity of news.

  B = Society more risk conscious, moral panic isn't easily identified

  H = Headlines no longer produce moral panic
• F = Durkheim on London riots

  Safety valve, deviance like this is an outlet of expression against institutional racism, mechanism for change, police make petty arrests to strengthen collective values.
• F = Durkheim


  Crime is necessary and inevitable

  'Society of saints', higher standard of behaviour if no crime
• F = Functionalist theories


  Durkheim = crime as positive function

  Merton = Strain theory

  Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin = Subcultural theories
• F = Davies (1967)


  - Prostitution is safety valve for men (release sexual tension)