industrial medicine

• edward jenner:

  • experienced country doctor
  • 1798= smallpox vaccine
  • from latin vacca meaning cow
  • 1852= children vaccine becomes compulsory but not enforced
  • 1871= fines for not having the vaccine
  • by 1970s smallpox was eradicated
• florence nightingale:

  • nurse in crimean war
  • focused on cleanliness in hospitals
  • reduced death rate in her hospital from 40% -> 2%
  • 1860- nightingales school for nurses
  • 1859- notes on nursing
  • 1863- notes on hospitals
  • didnt believe in germ theory- believed miasma
  • conservative attitude
  • didnt let doctors teach her nurses about germ theory
• what war did florence nightingale work in?

  Crimean War
• what did nightingale focus on in her hospitals?


  cleanliness
• what did nightingale reduce the death rate in her hospital to and from?

  40% to 2%
• what did nightingale not believe in?

  Germ theory
• james simpson:

  • 1847- chloroform
  • 1st effective anaesthetic
  • used it to help women during childbirth
  • promoted by queen victoria
  • 1848- john snow devised an inhaler to regulate dosage
  • led to surgery’s ‘black period’
  • doctors attempted more complex surgeries which carried infections deeper into the body and caused more blood loss
• when was chloroform discovered?

  1847
• who promoted the use of chloroform during childbirth?

  queen victoria
• what did john snow create to do with chloroform and for what reason?

  inhaler to regulate dosage
• what did the discovery of chloroform lead to?

  surgery’s ‘black period’
• joseph lister:

  • 1867- carbolic acid
  • 1st effective antiseptic
  • stopped infections developing
  • death rate 46% -> 15%
  • turning point in history- ended ‘black period’
  • from 1887 all instruments were steam sterilised
  • surgeons had to wear gowns, masks and gloves
• what is an antiseptic?

  kills germs on the wound
• what is aseptic?

  removes germs alltogether
• what year was germ theory?

  1861
• what year was pasteur’s rabies vaccine?

  1885
• name 2 other vaccines developed after the rabies vaccine?

  • typhoid (1896)
  • tuberculosis (1906)
• what did robert koch discover?

  the specific bacteria that caused anthrax (1876)
• what did john snow discover that cholera was caused by?

  dirty water
• what did john snow encourage people to drink instead of water?

  beer because it was ‘safer’
• what year did john snow discover cholera?

  1849
• where did john snow remove a water pump handle from?

  broad street
• what did edwin chadwick create a report on? and what year?

  ’sanitary conditions of the labouring population’ in 1842
• what was the average age of death of a labourer in liverpool?

  15
• what year was the 1st public health act?

  1848
• what did the 1st public health act encourage local councils to do?

  make health improvements and collect taxes to fund this
• what year was the 2nd public health act?

  1875
• what was the second public health act?

  compulsary
• what did the second public health act say councils had to do?

  improve sewers and drainage

  provide fresh and clean water

  appoint medical officers