Kingdom Animalia

• evolutionary milestones


  Multicellular, tissues, bilateral symmetry, coelom, body cavity, segmentation
• All animals are...


  Heterotrophs, diploid, and sexually reproduce
• Kingdom is divided in two groups...

  Vertebrates and Invertebrates
• Bilateral symmetry 


  A body with a distinct right and left half. Dorsal and ventral surface plus anterior and end posterior
• Digestion


  A process of single cell organisms and sponges. Food is broken down into small bits to be absorbed
• Diploidy


  All adults have two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent.
• Coelom (Body Cavity)


  Fluid filled space found between the body and digestive track
• Simple Invertebrates 


  Plylum Porifera--> First multicellular organism, plysum cnidaria --> First to contain tissue
• Characteristics of phylum Porifera...

  Attach themselves to sea floor, most are bagged shaped, contain inner cavity
• Chracteristics of phylum cnidaria


  Radial symmetry, cnidocytes, stinging cells, located on tentacles, nematocyst, barbed harpoons that contain toxins, free flowating medusa and attached polyps contain two way gut, anthozoa or corals contain living polyps
• Phylum Platyhelminthes (Flatworms)


  • They have organs
  • No body cavity
  • They have flat, symmetrical bodies
  • Two way digestive system (mouth and anus are same orifice)
• Phylum Nematoda (Roundworms)


  • Cylindrical shaped body
  • One way digestive system (Mouth and anus are now NOT the same hole)
• Platyhelminthes: First organisms to have bilateral symmetry
• Nematoda: First organism to have a body cavity! Called a Pseudocoelom. It is only a partial cavity
• Annelids


  • Achieved the evolutionary milestones of multicellularity, tissue, bilateral symmetry, body cavities, coeloms, and segmentation
• Cerebral Ganglion


  The primary brainlike organ, located one anterior segment
• Septa


  The internal walls that separate segments within most annelids and allow nutrients to move through the nerve cord
• Setae


  Bristles that run along the outside of annelids and help with traction
• Parapodia


  Fleshy appendages along the surface of some annelids, can have functions including locomotion, respiration and protection
• Coelom


  The fluid cavity between the outside layer of the segment and the inner tissue, acts like a skeleton for many annelids
• Digestive system of annelids


  Runs down % of their body
• Class Polychaeta: Marine Worms


  • Largest group of annelids, distinctive characteristic is their fleshy, paddle-like parapodia
• Class Oligochaeta: Earthworms


  • Have no parapodia and little setae, lack a distinctive head and eyes, but have light and touch sensitive organs
• Class Hirudinea: Leeches


  • Lack both parapodia and setae, their bodies are flatter than other annelids and they lack internal segmentation, most are scavengers or predators, a few are parasites
• Arthropods


  • Make up 75% of animals on earth
  • Possess jointed appendages-legs or claws that are connected at different joints
• Arthropods


  • Jointed appendages
  • Segmentation
  • Distinct head
  • Exoskeleton
• Arthropod respiration


  • Gills
  • Trachean
  • Book lungs
• Arthropod circulatory system


  • Open
• Arthropod excretion


  • Malpighian tubules
• Many arthropods


  • Have wings
• Types of arthropods


  • Crustaceans (Shrimp, Crayfish, Rolie Pollies)
  • Uniramia (Centipedes and Millipedes)
  • Chelicerata (Spiders, Scorpions, Ticks)
• Molting


  1. Arthropods shed and discard their exoskeletons periodically

  2. New exoskeleton forms just beneath the old one, facilitating further growth
• Incomplete metamorphosis


  Found in 15% of insect species, straight from an egg to a nymph
• Complete metamorphosis


  Found in 85% of insect species, egg to larva, to pupa, adult
• Echinoderms


  • Deuterostomes
  • Coelomates
  • Embryonic development pattern of deuterostomes
• Echinoderms


  • Lack a brain or head
  • Nervous system consists of central ring of nerves with branches extending into each of the five parts of the body plan
• Echinoderm characteristics


  • Endoskeleton composed of ossicles
  • Five-part radial symmetry
  • Water-vascular system
  • Coelomic circulation and respiration
• Echinoderm classes


  • Echinoidea (sea urchin and sand dollars)
  • Asteroidea (sea star)
  • Ophiuroidea (brittle star)
  • Holothuroides (sea cucumber)
  • Crinoidea (sea lilies)
• Invertebrate chordates


  • Notochord
  • Dorsal nerve chord
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Postanal tail
• Urochordata (tunicates)


  Larval form has notochord, nerve chord, pharyngeal slits, and postanal tail, but lose these characteristics as adults except for pharyngeal slits