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• A transverse wave is a wave in which the vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of travel
• A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the vibrations are parallel to the direction of travel
• Light waves are transverse waves
• Sound waves are longitudinal waves
• Waves transfer energy
• Frequency is the number of waves per second, measured in Hertz (Hz)
• Light waves are transverse whereas sound is longitudinal
• Light travels much faster than sound
• Light can travel through a vacuum, sound can't
• Both light and sound waves are caused by vibrations
• Both light and sound waves transfer energy
• Vibrations that have a bigger amplitude makes the sound larger
• Vibrations with a higher frequency has a higher pitch
• Speed= distance/time
• To calculate uncertainty in a set of results, use range (difference between largest and smallest result)/2
• The state of matter sound travels fastest in a solid, then a liquid, then a gas
• Sound is transmitted in the order of eardrum, tiny bones, cochlea, auditory nerve
• The human hearing range is 20-20000Hz
• To convert Hz to kHz, divide by 1000
• Ultrasound is sounds above the human hearing range (20,000Hz)
• Infrasound is sounds below the human hearing range (20Hz)
• Uses of ultrasound include scanning foetuses during pregnancy, echo location in submarines, scanning ocean floor, cleaning jewellery, breaking down kidney stones
• Volume of sound is measured in Decibels (Db)
• The three things that can happen when light meets a surface is it is reflected, transmitted through the surface or absorbed into the surface.
• Light travels in straight lines as waves
• The law of reflection is the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection
• The imaginery line drawn at 90* to the surface is the Normal
• Refraction is when light travels through different densities and bends towards the normal
• Less dense medium to a more dense medium, light bends towards the normal
• A more dense medium to a less dense medium, light bends away from the normal
• Specular reflection is when all incident rays reflect at the same angle on a smooth surface
• Diffuse reflection is when the normal points in different directions, so the light rays are reflected at different angles, causing it to scatter and spread out
• The colours of the visible spectrum in order are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
• B has a higher pitch, B and A have equal sound

  
• B has a larger sound, B and A have equal pitch