Pe Aqa paper 1

• Tendons 


  Attach muscles to bones to allow bones to move when muscles contract
• Cartilage


  Acts as a cushion between bones to prevent damage during joint movement
• veins


  carry blood towards heart

  carry deoxygenated blood a low pressure

  thin walls
• valve


  prevent back flow of blood, only open from a build up of pressure
• Venules


  Meet to form veins
• short term effects of exercise (24-36hrs after)


  tiredness and fatigue

  light-headedness

  nausea

  doms (delayed onset of muscle soreness)
• immediate effects of exercise 


  Heart - heart rate increases, delivers more blood around body to produce more energy & oxygen to muscles

  lungs- breathing rate increases, delivers more oxygen to lungs which attaches to blood to create more energy

  muscles - more blood distributed to muscles, increased blood flow, increased muscle temp
• Alactacid


  Energy already existing in muscle
• Blood vessels after exercise 


  During exercise arteries widen to stop blood Pressure getting too high

  blood that usually goes to organs moves to muscles by vasodilation to let in blood or by vasoconstriction to restrict blood
• isotonic contraction


  when a muscle contracts and changes length
• systole


  contraction phase of cardiac cycle
• diastyole 


  the relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
• white blood cells 


  fight against disease so you stay healthy and perform well
• circumduction 


  movement of hand/foot/limb in circular motion
• arteries 


  carry blood away from heart

  carry oxygenated blood, thick walls, blood flow at high pressure
• protection 


  bones very tough to protect vital organs

  allows good performance without fear of injury
• antagonist muscles & pairs 


  pairs of muscles that work against each other

  one muscle contracts, other relaxes

  hamstrings & quadriceps
• involuntary muscles 


  work internal organs without effort from you
• voluntary muscles 


  attached to skeleton and are under your control, help move body
• ligaments 


  hold bones together to maintain stability of skeleton
• short bones


  support weight of body
• capillaries 


  carry blood through body to exchange oxygen, carbon dioxide and nutrients with bodys tissues
• mechanical advantage 


  measure of how efficient it is at moving heavy loads
• adduction 


  moving towards an imaginary centre line
• flat bones 


  protect internal organs

  broad surface allowing muscle attachment
• cardiac output equation 


  Q=hr x sv
• vasoconstriction 


  during exercise,

  narrowing of blood vessels (arteries)

  smooth muscles in vessels contract

  increased flow of oxygenated blood to working musclés

  decreased flow of oxygenated blood too organs
• vasodilation 


  during exercise

  widening of blood vessels (arteries)

  smooth muscles in vessels relax

  increased flow of oxygenated blood to working muscles

  decreased flow of oxygenated blood to organs
• anaerobic exercise equation 


  glucose -> energy + lactic acid
• gaseous exchange 


  Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged

  
• EPOC


  Excess

  Post exercise

  Oxygen

  Consumption

  happens after anaerobic exercise, effects duration, fitness and intensity
• EPOC equation 


  lactic acid + oxygen —> pyruvate
• support / shape 


  Skeleton rigid bone frame for our body

  supports soft tissues like skin and muscle, good posture
• platelets 


  help blood clot at wounds so they dont become infected
• plasma 


  carries everything in blood stream
• cardiac output 


  the volume of blood that the heart is able to pump out
• endomorph


  fatness
• ectomorph 


  leaness
• long term effects of exercise (after a few weeks)


  body shape may change - endomorph, ectomorph, mesomorph

  increase in muscular endurance - work particular muscles, have microtears, grow back better

  improves muscular endurance - slow twitch fibres, more capillaries, muscle fibres get more energy

  improves speed - fast twitch fibres, improves ability to work with lactic acid
• cardiac hypertrophy 


  an increase in size, muscle get bigger

  where the ventrical wall gets bigger or thickens as a result of exercise