MATH

• It is a branch of mathematics that deals with the scientific collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and interpretation of numerical data in order to obtain useful and meaningful information.

  Statistics
• it is the totality of all elements or persons for which one has an interest at a particular time. It is denoted by N.

  Population
• it is when we collect data just for selected members of the group. it it a subset of a population. it is denoted by N.

  Sample
• it is a statistical method concerned with the collection, organization, presentation and description of sample data.

  Descriptive Statistics
• Concerned with the analysis of a sample data leading to prediction, inferences, interpretation, decision or conclusion about the entire population.

  Inferential Statistics
• It is a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.

  Variables
• it is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words, measurements, observations or just description of things.

  Data
• are descriptive attributes and characterized by categorical responses.

  Qualitative Data
• are numerical information obtained from counting or measuring that which can be manipulated by any fundamental operation.

  Quantitative Data
• it is a variable that can be obtained by counting

  Discrete Variable
• is a variable that can be obtained by measuring objects or attributes. It can assume infinite number of values between any two specific numbers.

  Continuous Variable
• are those which are collected a fresh and for the first time and thus happen to be original in character and known as _

  Primary Data
• are those which have been collected by someone else and which have already been passed through the statistical process known as _

  Secondary Data
• enumerate the methods of Collecting Primary Data

  • Observation Method

  • Interview Method

  • Questionnaire Method

  • Experiment Method
• it is a method under which data from the field is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by personally going to the field.

  Observation Method
• enumerate the types of Observation

  • Structured observation

  • unstructured observation

  • participant & non participant observation

  • controlled & uncontrolled observation
• when observation is done by characterizing style of recording the observed information, standardized conditions of observation, definition of the units to be observed then it is _

  structured observation
• when observation is done without any thought before observation then it is _

  unstructured observation
• when the observer is member of the group which he is observing then it is _

  participant observation
• when observer is observing people without giving any information to them then it is _

  non participant observation
• when the observation takes place in natural condition, then it is _. it is done to get spontaneous picture of life and persons.

  uncontrolled observation
• when observation takes place according to definite pre arranged plans, with experimental procedure then it is _ generally done in laboratory under controlled condition.

  controlled observation
• this method of collecting data involves presentation or oral-verbal stimuli and reply in terms of oral-verbal responses.

  interview method
• this is where interviewer asks questions (which are aimed to get information required for study) to respondent

  oral-verbal communication
• the interviewer asks questions generally in a face to face contact to the other person or persons.

  personal interviews
• • predetermined questions • interviewer follows rigid procedure • time required for such interview is less than non structured manner interview • not necessary of skill or specific knowledge • analysis of data becomes easier

  structured interview
• • no predetermined questions • no standardized techniques • interviewer has freedom to ask, omit, add any questions • ask questions without following sequence • deep knowledge & skill required • analysis of data is difficult prescribed manner.

  unstructured interview
• Flexible compare to mailing method. Faster than other methods. Cheaper than personal interview method Call-backs are simple and economical also. High response than mailing method. When it is not possible to contact the respondent directly, then interview is conducted through - Telephone Replies can be recorded without embarrassment to respondents Interviewer can explain requirements more easily. No field staff is required. Wider distribution of sample is possibleSent

  telephonic interview (merits)
• • Little time is given to respondents Survey is restricted to respondents who have telephones. Not suitable for intensive survey where comprehensive answers are required Bias information may be more Very difficult to make questionnaire because it should short and to the point

  telephonic interview (demerits)
• attention if focused on the given experience of the respondent and its possible effects.

  focused interviews
• concerned with broad underlying feelings or motivations or with the course of individuals life experience, rather than with the effects of thge specific experience, as in the case of focused interview.

  clinical interviews
• a group of 6 to 8 individuals is interviewed.

  group interviews
• interviewer meets a single person and interviews him

  individual interviews
• done for the selection of people for certain jobs.

  selection interviews
• it deliberately aims to elicit unconscious as well as other types of material relating especially to personality dynamics and motivations

  depth interviews
• this method of data collection is quite popular, particularly in case of big enquiries.

  questionnaire method
• it is important that the questions done "lead" people to the answer

  question sequence
• is used when the purpose is to find out the cause and effect relationship of certain variables.

  experiment method
• is enforced by certain laws of the government such as births and deaths

  registration method