MEDICINE-CONTINUATION

• General drug categories


  • Analgesics
  • Antacids
  • Antianxiety Drugs
  • Antiarrhythmics
  • Antibacterials
  • Antibiotics
  • Anticoagulants and Thrombolytics
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Antidepressants
  • Antidiarrheals
  • Antiemetics
  • Antifungals
  • Antihistamines
  • Antihypertensives
  • Anti-Inflammatories
  • Antineoplastics
  • Antipsychotics
  • Antipyretics
  • Antivirals
  • Barbiturates
  • Beta-Blockers
  • Bronchodilators
  • Cold Cures
  • Corticosteroids
  • Cytotoxics
  • Cough Suppressants
  • Decongestants
  • Diuretics
  • Expectorant
  • Hypoglycemics (Oral)
  • Immunosuppressives
  • Sedatives
  • Laxatives
  • Muscle Relaxants
  • Sex Hormones (Female)
  • Sex Hormones (Male)
  • Tranquilizer
  • Vitamins
• Analgesics


  Drugs that relieve pain
• Antacids


  Drugs that relieve indigestion and heartburn by neutralizing stomach acid
• Analgesics


  • Used to relieve pain and inflammation
  • For example: after surgery, due to injury, for acute pain, for aches and pains, for chronic painful conditions
• Two main types of analgesics


  • Anti-inflammatory Analgesics
  • Opioids Analgesics
• Anti-inflammatory Analgesics


  • Used for short-term pain relief and for modest pain
  • Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to manage pain and inflammation associated with some types of arthritis
  • NSAIDs are also used to treat non-inflammatory conditions such as migraine, period pain and postoperative pain, and to reduce fever
• Opioids Analgesics


  • Act on the brain
  • Were once called narcotic drugs because they can induce sleep
  • Work by changing the brain's perception of pain
• Who prescribes analgesic pain medication?


  • Some pain medicines are available over the counter (OTC)
  • Others are available by prescription only: often these include higher doses of OTC medications, combination analgesics and all opioids
• How do you take analgesics?


  • Films you place under the tongue to dissolve
  • Liquid you inject
  • Liquid you swallow
  • Nasal spray
  • Patches
  • Pills, tablets or capsules
  • Powder
• The 5 best OTC pain relievers


  • Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin)
  • Aspirin/citric acid/sodium bicarbonate (Alka-Seltzer)
  • Naproxen (Aleve)
  • Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
  • Aspirin
• Risks of using pain relievers


  • Damage to internal organs
  • Diarrhea or constipation
  • Heart problems
  • Hypersensitivity response
  • Nausea, upset stomach or heartburn
  • Ringing in the ears, or even deafness
  • Stomach ulcers
  • Trouble forming clots in the blood
• Common types of antacids


  • Aluminium hydroxide
  • Magnesium carbonate
  • Magnesium trisilicate
  • Magnesium hydroxide
  • Calcium carbonate
  • Sodium bicarbonate
• Antacid brands


  • Gaviscon (alginic acid)
  • Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)
• How and when to take antacids


  1. Check the instructions on the packet or leaflet to see how much antacid to take and how often

  2. Antacids should be used when you have symptoms or think you will get them soon - for most people, the best time to take them is with or soon after meals, and just before going to bed

  3. Doses for children may be lower than for adults

  4. Contact a GP or pharmacist if you take too much and start to feel unwell
• Antacids can affect how well other medicines work, so do not take other medicines within 2 to 4 hours of taking an antacid
• Side effects of antacids


  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation
• Gaviscon (alginic acid)

  Pepto-Bismol (bismuth subsalicylate)
• How and when to take antacids?


  1. Check the instructions on the packet or leaflet to see how much antacid to take and how often

  2. Antacids should be used when you have symptoms or think you will get them soon – for most people, the best time to take them is with or soon after meals, and just before going to bed

  3. Doses for children may be lower than for adults

  4. Contact a GP or pharmacist if you take too much of the medicine and start to feel unwell
• How and when to take antacids?


  1. It's best to take antacids with food or soon after eating because this is when you're most likely to get indigestion or heartburn

  2. The effect of the medicine may also last longer if taken with food

  3. Antacids can affect how well other medicines work, so do not take other medicines within 2 to 4 hours of taking an antacid
• Side effects of antacids?


  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation
  • Flatulence (wind)
  • Stomach cramps
  • Feeling sick or vomiting
• Who cannot take antacids?


  • Pregnant or breastfeeding
  • Have liver disease, kidney disease or heart failure
  • Have an illness that means you need to control how much salt (sodium) is in your diet, such as high blood pressure or cirrhosis
  • Taking other medicines – antacids can interfere with other medicines and may need be avoided or taken at a different time
• The term anxiety encompasses feelings of worry, fear, and unease. According to several large surveys, up to 33.7% Trusted Source of people experience some form of anxiety disorder during their lifetime
• Anti-anxiety drugs


  • Drugs that suppress anxiety and relax muscles (sometimes called anxiolytics, sedatives, or minor tranquilizers)
  • Help reduce the symptoms of anxiety
  • The most common anti-anxiety medications are called benzodiazepines
• Types of anti-anxiety medications


  • Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
  • Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)
  • Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
  • Benzodiazepines
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)


  • Doctors can prescribe them to people with anxiety and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
  • Works by stopping nerve cells in the brain from absorbing serotonin
• Side effects of SSRIs


  • Blurry vision
  • Dizziness
  • Drowsiness or fatigue
  • Dry mouth
  • Feeling agitated or restless
  • Headaches
  • Nausea
  • Sexual problems or erectile dysfunction
  • Sleep problems
  • An upset stomach
  • Weight gain
• Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)


  • These medications work by reducing the brain's reabsorption of the chemicals serotonin and norepinephrine
  • Doctors may also prescribe them to treat some chronic pain conditions
• Examples of SNRIs for anxiety


  • duloxetine (Cymbalta)
  • venlafaxine (Effexor XR)
• Side effects of SNRIs


  • Constipation
  • Dizziness
  • Drowsiness or fatigue
  • Dry mouth
  • Headaches
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Loss of appetite
  • Nausea
  • Sexual problems or erectile dysfunction
  • Sleep problems
  • Sweating more than usual
  • An upset stomach
  • Weight gain
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)


  • Tricyclic antidepressants are an older class of antidepressant drug
  • These medications work by blocking the reabsorption of serotonin and norephinephrine
  • This increases the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain
• Examples of TCAs for anxiety


  • Amitriptyline (Elavil)
  • Imipramine (Tofranil)
  • Nortriptyline (Pamelor)
• Possible side effects of TCAs


  • Blurry vision
  • Constipation
  • Difficulty urinating
  • Dry mouth
  • Drowsiness
  • Increase in appetite
  • Lightheadedness
  • Low blood pressure after standing up
  • Sexual problems or erectile dysfunction
  • Sweating more than usual
  • Tremors
  • Weight loss or gain
• Benzodiazepines


  • These are sedative drugs that reduces the physical symptoms of anxiety, such as tense muscles
  • These drugs also encourage relaxation, and their effects take place quickly
• Possible side effects of benzodiazepines


  • Blurry vision
  • Confusion
  • Dizziness
  • Drowsiness or fatigue
  • Headaches
  • Loss of memory or concentration
  • Problems with balance, coordination, or speech
  • An upset stomach
• Antibacterial drugs are derived from bacteria or molds or are synthesized de novo. Technically, "antibiotic" refers only to antimicrobials derived from bacteria or molds but is often (including in THE MANUAL) used synonymously with "antibacterial drug"
• Antibiotics are antibacterial drugs
• Two main types of antibiotics


  • Bactericidal - kills the bacteria, usually interferes with either the formation of the bacterial cell wall or its cell contents
  • Bacteriostatic - stops bacteria from multiplying
• Examples of antibiotics


  • Amoxicillin
  • Doxycycline
  • Cephalexin
  • Ciprofloxacin
  • Clindamycin
  • Metronidazole
  • Azithromycin
  • Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim
  • Amoxicillin and clavulanate
  • Levofloxacin
• Top 10 list of common infections treated with antibiotics


  • Acne
  • Bronchitis
  • Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)
  • Otitis Media (Ear Infection)
  • Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD's)
  • Skin or Soft Tissue Infection
  • Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat)
  • Traveler's diarrhea
  • Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
  • Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
• Antidiarrheal drug


  Any drug that relieves symptoms of diarrhea, the frequent passage of a watery loose stool