Bio end of year

• Prokaryotic cell(bacterial)


  capsule,flagellum,DNA,plasmids,cell wall,cell membrane,ribosomes
• Eukaryotic cell(animal)

  cell membrane,cytoplasm,nucleus,mitochondria,ribosomes
• Eukaryotic cell(plant)

  ribosomes,cell wall,cell membrane,mitochondria,,chloroplast,vacuole,
• Plants and animal cells are multicellular (contain many different types of cells)
• Red blood cells transport o2, have a bi-concave disc,contain haemoglobin ,mitochondria and ribosomes and have a high surface area.They have no nucleus.
• Nerve cells- send electrical messages around the body, they have long branches at the end and have a mylen sheath
• Sperm cell- Has a flagellum to help it swim to the egg, acrosome containing enzymes, to help it penetrate the egg,lots of mitochondria for energy and a nucleus to contain the DNA/chromosomes
• White blood cells- they fight pathogens and produce antibodies to fight infection
• Stem cells must replicate to make more stem cells, then differentiate into specialised cells and can become any other type of cell or some types
• Stem cell replication and differentiation

  A) repliaction

  B) differentiation (e.g, root hair cell)

  
• Embryonic stem cells

  any cell type (embryos)
• Adult stem cells

  bone marrow,can treat blood disorders
• For

  -cure diseases which have no cure

  -helps people in pain

  -saves endangered species

  -The embryo's technically haven't been born yet
• Against

  -leads to physical pain

  -Kills embryo's which could've led to a life

  -causes overpopulation
• Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells.
• Mitosis cycle

  
• m-cm=x100

  cm-mm=x10

  mm-nm=x1000
• Magnification=size of image/size of real object
• Light microscope- used to view living specimen,look at specific structures
• Electron microscope- greater magnification to view dead specimen
• Diffusion- the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
• Active transport is the movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration against a concentration gradient
• Carbon dioxide goes out and oxygen goes in
• diffusion and osmosis are passive processes so they dont require any energy
• Osmosis- net movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lower solute to an area of higher solute
• The rate of diffusion is affected by

  1. More surface area (more space for diff)
  2. Temperature (more ke = faster moving particles
  3. Concentration (larger gradient, faster rate)
  4. Distance of diff (shorter distance=quicker)
• Enzymes have optimum conditions in which they work best at, and they are made out of proteins and can denature (change shape)
• Lock and key

  
• Rate of reaction=change of' 'x'/change of time
• Root hair cells have large surface areas to increase the rate of absorption
• The rate of diff is the number of particles that pass a given area per unit time
• Increase in temp increases the enzyme activity, because it gives more kinetic energy so the molecules move faster and collide
• The heart is a muscular organ which pumps blood around the body
• Heart

  
• right- deoxygenated blood

  left- oxygenated blood
• veins carry blood to the heart and arteries carry blood away from the heart
• pulmonary artery- deoxy to lungs

  pulmonary vein - oxyg to body
• Arteries thicker due to higher pressure and have strong thick walls to withstand high pressure
• plasma-transports most co2 and the products of digestion

  platelet-helps blood to clot at a wound

  red blood cell-transports most of the o2

  white blood cell-defends the body against microorganisms
• coronary heart disease- fatty material bulid up in the coronary arteries and reduces blood flow to the heart