Applied anatomy and physiology

• EPOC

  • Excess post exercise oxygen consumption
  • Additional amount of Oxygen consumed after aerobic exercise
• What’s EPOC referring to

  Amount of Oxygen needed to recover after exercise
• DOMS


  Delayed onset muscle soreness
• Immediate effects of exercise

  • Getting hot
  • Getting sweaty
  • Having red skin
  • Increased depth and frequency of breathing
  • Increased Heart rate
• Short term effects of exercise

  • Tiredness and fatigue
  • slight head and nausea
  • Aching muscles
  • Cramp
  • DOMS
• Agonist Muscle 


  Muscle contracting/Lengthening
• Antagonist Muscle 


  Muscle relaxing
• Redistribution of blood flow - blood is diverted away from inactive areas to working muscles
• Vasoconstriction

  • Blood vessels get smaller
  • Blood vessels then reduce blood flow to inactive areas
• Vasodilation

  • Blood vessels are dilated to make them bigger
  • Blood vessels that supply blood to active areas to increase blood flow
  • Working muscles receive more oxygen and nutrients
• Artery

  • carry blood at high pressure away from heart
  • Mainly carry oxygenated blood
• Vein

  • Carry blood at low pressure towards heart
  • Mainly carry deoxygenated blood
• Capillary

  • Carry blood at very low pressure
  • Allow gaseous exchange
• Cardiac output

  • amount of blood leaving the heart per minute
• Stroke volume

  • amount of blood ejected from the heart with each beat
• Gaseous exchange

  • From an area of high to low concentration
• Tidal volume

  • amount of air inspired or expired on a normal breath
• Inspiratoria reserve volume

  • Extra amount of air that can be forcibly breathed in
• Expiratory reserve volume

  • additional amount of air that can be forcibly breathed in
• Residual volume

  • Amount of air that always remains in lungs even after forced maximal exhilation
• Key functions of skeleton

  • Support
  • Production of Red blood cells
  • Storage of minerals
  • Protection of vital organs
• Blood Cell Production

  • Produced in bone marrow
  • Platelets help clotting
  • Red blood cells transport oxygen to working muscles
  • White blood cells fight infection
• Mineral storage

  • Calcium and Phosphorus are stored in bones to help strengthen them
• Support

  • Provides structural shape for muscles and tissues to attach to
  • Keeps muscles in place
• Protection

  • For Vital organs including the heart
• Aid to movement

  • Bones provide place for muscles to attach to
  • when muscles contract they pull and movement occurs
• Cartilage

  • Reduces friction
  • Absorbs shock
• Ligaments

  • connect bone to bone
  • stabilise joint
• Joint Capsule

  • surrounds synovial joint
  • seals joint
  • provided stability
• Synovial membrane

  • secretes synovial fluid
• Synovial Fluid

  • Lubricated and reduces friction
  • supplies nutrients to joint
  • removed waste products
• Bursae

  • reduce mechanical friction
  • act as cushion between bone and another part of joint
• Hinge joints located at

  • knee
  • elbow
  • ankle
• Movement at hinge joint

  • Flexion
  • Extension
• Ball and socket located at

  • hip
  • Shoulder
• Movement at ball and socket

  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Rotation
  • abduction
  • adduction
• Bones at elbow joints

  • Humerus
  • Radius
  • Ulna
• Bones at knee joints

  • Femur
  • Tibia
• Bones at ankle joint

  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Talus
• Flexion Example

  • occurs at knee when player is preparing to kick a football