Robotics

• Robot


  A re-programmable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks
• Robot


  Also called a droid, a machine especially one programmable by a computer capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically
• Robot


  • Can be guided by an external control device, or the control may be embedded within
  • Can be autonomous or semi autonomous
• Robotics


  The art, knowledge base, and the know how of designing, applying, and using robots in human endeavors
• The word 'robotics' was coined accidentally by the Russian-born, American scientist and science fiction writer, Isaac Asimov(1920-1992) in 1940s
• Karel Capek


  Introduced the word 'robot' in his play R.U.R (Rossum's Universal Robots) published in 1920
• The Three Laws of Robotics


  • A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm
  • A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with a higher order law
  • A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with a higher order law
• Characteristics of Robotics


  • Sensing
  • Movement
  • Energy
  • Intelligence
• Types of Robots


  • Mobile Robots
  • Rolling Robots
  • Walking Robots
  • Stationary Robots
  • Autonomous Robots
  • Remote-Controlled Robots
  • Domestic Robots
  • Competition Robots
• Arduino


  A microcontroller board, which is essentially an entire computer on a chip. It has a processing core, memory, and input and output controls all in one chip
• Microcontroller


  A small computation engine that makes a decision or monitors a system. They have analog and digital input/output capabilities and are used in applications that have repetitive tasks
• Components that can be integrated with Arduino


  • Breadboard
  • Jumper Wires
  • Capacitors
  • Diode
• Input Devices


  • Gas Sensor
  • IR Receiver Sensor
  • Optocoupler
  • PIR Sensor
  • Photoresistor
• Output Devices


  • DC Motor
  • LED
  • Piezo
  • LCD
  • RGB Led
• Program


  A written instruction for a computer
• C/C++


  Programming language that Arduino primarily uses
• C programming language


  Developed by Dennis Ritchie
• The Charles Stark Draper Prize is the highest honor given by the US National Academy of Engineering
• Transducer


  A device that converts energy
• Sensor


  A device that converts physical parameters into electrical signals
• Actuator


  A device that converts electrical signals into physical actions
• void setup()


  It configures pins and initializes variables
• void loop()


  It runs continuously
• Array


  To store a single value
• Index


  Used to access the stored information inside an array
• The index of an array starts counting from zero
• Body


  Part of a loop that repeats statements for a number of times
• Two main parts of a loop


  • Body
  • Control statement
• Control statement


  Directs the loop to continuously run until the specified condition is met
• Element


  Each individual piece of data in an array
• Loop


  A data structure used to repeat statements for a number of times
• Push Button


  Typically made out of plastic, a simple electric mechanism or air switch mechanism that jumps back to its initial position after being actuated. It toggles between on and off states and generates pulses or brief signals
• Tilt Sensor


  A rolling ball sensor that responds with digital readings
• Piezoelectric Effect


  Discovered by Jacques and Pierre Curie in 1880
• Piezo


  The origin of 'piezo' is greek. It senses vibrations and is an electrical component that generates noises of various frequencies
• Quartz and tourmaline are materials that Jacques and Pierre Curie used to demonstrate the piezoelectric effect
• The range of human sensitivity to frequency is 2000-5000 Hertz